Economic consequences of sustainable forest management regimes at non-industrial forest owner level in Norway

Published Date
Forest Policy and Economics
July 2001, Vol.2(3):213–228, doi:10.1016/S1389-9341(00)00038-1

• Author 

• Tron Eid ^,
• Hans Fredrik Hoen
• Petter Økseter

• Department of Forest Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. 5044, NO-1432 Aas, Norway

Received 28 June 2000. Revised 19 September 2000. Accepted 28 September 2000. Available online 25 June 2001. 

Abstract

Consequences for net present value, net income and harvest related to ‘sustainable forest management regimes’ at non-industrial forest owner level in Norway are discussed. The following indicators of a sustainable forest management have been analysed: existing old forest set aside for preservation, maintaining minimum target levels for area covered by old forest through time, restricted treatments for border zone areas around water bodies, retention of trees at final harvest and restricted options with respect to regeneration. The consequences were analysed according to individual as well as co-operative management for eight different properties. GAYA-JLP, a large scale forestry scenario model applying simulations and linear programming, was used for the calculations. A regime with a ‘medium’ intensity of the environmentally oriented constraints, and a real rate of discount of 2.5%, reduced the net present values by 8% to 20%. The results indicated that the consequences for individual properties might vary considerably if the regimes for a sustainable forestry are designed generally without considering the heterogeneity among the properties with respect to the initial forest state. Assuming co-operative management, the net present value of the entire forest area (all properties) increased. At the same time it was possible to increase, respectively, the proportion of old forest set aside for preservation and the area covered by old forest through time. The differences compared with individual management were relatively small for all these parameters, and most likely not large enough to cover up for the transaction costs related to co-operative management. Whether the gains of co-operation will exceed transaction costs, can probably only be answered through cost-benefit analyses of the actual project.

Keywords

Individual and co-operative management

Net present value

Non-industrial owner level

Sustainable forestry regimes

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 Table 4

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Fig. 1.

 Table 5

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 Table 6

Table 6.

Fig. 2.

• * 
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +47-6-494-8901; fax: +47-6-494-8890

Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Timber production possibilities of the Norwegian forest area and measures for a sustainable forestry

Published Date
Forest Policy and Economics
July 2002, Vol.4(3):187–200, doi:10.1016/S1389-9341(01)00069-7

• Author 

• Tron Eid ^a,,
• Hans Fredrik Hoen
• Petter Økseter

• aAgricultural University of Norway, Department of Forest Sciences, P.O. Box 5044, N-1432 Ås, Norway

Received 9 January 2001. Revised 22 August 2001. Accepted 24 September 2001. Available online 28 May 2002. 

Abstract

This paper presents long-range forest management analyses with the objective of mapping consequences for the timber production potential when forest management treatments are changed in an environmentally oriented direction. Sample plots from the National Forest Inventory, covering the entire productive forest area in Norway, were aggregated into 10000 treatment units. Management strategies maximising the net present value of the forest-land, with certain environmentally oriented constraints, were analysed. The following environmentally oriented constraints were considered: (i) areas of current old forest set aside, either proportionally or cost-efficiently, for permanent preservation, (ii) minimum target levels for area covered by old forest through time, (iii) retention of trees at final felling, and (iv) restricted management for border zone areas. With a real rate of discount of 2.5%, and all the constraints imposed simultaneously, the annual harvest potential was reduced by 30% for the first 10-year period, while the net present value was reduced by 21.5%. The results further demonstrated significant efficiency gains of letting the preservation of old forest be allocated cost-efficiently, compared with a strategy of setting aside an equal portion on all eligible areas.

Keywords

Environmentally oriented constraints

Forest preservation

Linear programming

Net present value

Simulation

Timber production

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 Table 2

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Fig. 1.

 Table 3

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 Table 4

Table 4.

 Table 5

Table 5.

• *
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +47-64948901; fax: +47 64948890

Copyright © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Efficient enzymatic degradation process for hydrolysis activity of the Carrageenan from red algae in marine biomass

Published Date
Journal of Biotechnology
20 December 2014, Vol.192:108–113, doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.09.019

• Author 

• Dae Hee Kang ^a,1
• Jeong Eun Hyeon ^a,1
• Seung Kyou You ^a
• Seung Wook Kim ^b
• Sung Ok Han ^a,,,

• aDepartment of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
• bDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea

Received 6 June 2014. Revised 22 September 2014. Accepted 24 September 2014. Available online 2 October 2014. 

Highlights

• •
  Effectively overcomes the limitations associated with pretreatment of substrate.
• •
  Hydrolysis product such as oligosaccharides to economically produce.
• •
  Created a new protein complex at the type of κ- and λ-carrageenase enzyme.
• •
  Relatively low-cost, high-efficiency purification effect using CBM purification process.
• •
  Demonstrates that diversity of marine biomass research with availability of industrial.

Abstract

Carrageenan is a generic name for a family of polysaccharides obtained from certain species of red algae. New methods to produce useful cost-efficiently materials from red algae are needed to convert enzymatic processes into fermentable sugars. In this study, we constructed chimeric genes cCgkA and cCglA containing the catalytic domain of κ-carrageenase CgkA and λ-carrageenase CglA from Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora fused with a dockerin domain. Recombinant strains expressing the chimeric carrageenase resulted in a halo formation on the carrageenan plate by alcian blue staining. The recombinant cCgkA and cCglA were assembled with scaffoldin miniCbpA via cohesin and dockerin interaction. Carbohydrate binding module (CBM) in scaffoldin was used as a tag for cellulose affinity purification using cellulose as a support. The hydrolysis process was monitored by the amount of reducing sugar released from carrageenan. Interestingly, these results indicated that miniCbpA, cCgkA and cCglA assembled into a complex and that the dockerin-fused enzymes on the scaffoldin had synergistic activity in the degradation of carrageenan. The observed enhancement of activity by carrageenolytic complex was 3.1-fold-higher compared with the corresponding enzymes alone. Thus, the assemblies of advancement of active enzyme complexes will facilitate the commercial production of useful products from red algae biomass which represents inexpensive and sustainable feed-stocks.

Keywords

Carrageenase

Scaffoldin

Cohesin

Dockerin

Carbohydrate binding module

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 Table 1

Table 1.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 3290 3151; fax: +82 2 927 3151.

Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168165614008670

Productivity of harvesting dense birch stands for bioenergy

Published Date
Biomass and Bioenergy
May 2016, Vol.88:142–151, doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.03.016
Research paper

• Author 

• Paula Jylhä ^a,,
• Dan Bergström ^b,

• aNatural Resources Institute Finland, Green Technology, Silmäjärventie 2, FI69100, Kannus, Finland
• bSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Skogsmarksgränd, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden

Received 23 November 2015. Revised 24 February 2016. Accepted 14 March 2016. Available online 24 March 2016. 

Highlights

• •
  Energy biomass can be harvested cost-efficiently from downy birch thickets by clear-cuts.
• •
  The Bracke C16.b felling head reached a productivity of 3–11 dry tons per effective hour.
• •
  The productivity of forwarding at a distance of 300 m was 7–10 dry tons per effective hour.

Abstract

Marginal lands could be utilized for increasing energy biomass production independent of industrial roundwood procurement. Dedicated energy biomass production systems on such sites would be based on low stand establishment cost, clear-cutting at an early stage, and coppice regeneration. Harvesters designed for the processing of industrial roundwood are inefficient or too costly to use in small-diameter and dense stands, while insufficient cutting capacity and uneven space distribution of trees limit the use of modified agricultural harvesters developed for short-rotation woody-crop plantations (e.g. willow). We constructed time consumption models for clear-cutting and forwarding of whole trees from un-thinned, small-diameter stands. The data originated from naturally afforested downy birch-dominated stands located in a cutaway peat production area in northern Finland. Stand age varied from 14 to 29 years and stand density was 5150–160,250 trees per hectare. In clear-cutting, a medium-sized forest harvester equipped with an accumulating felling head fitted with a circular saw disc was used, and subsequent forwarding was done using a modified medium-sized forwarder. Cutting productivity was 3–11oven-dry tons (ODt) per effective hour (E₀-h), and was highly dependent on stand characteristics (e.g. mean whole-tree volume). At a distance of 300 m, for example, the productivity of forwarding in the time study plots was 6.7–10.4 ODt E₀-h⁻¹. Our study indicates that energy biomass can be harvested from young downy birch thickets efficiently by clear-cutting with appropriate machinery.

Keywords

SRC

Bioenergy

Fuel wood

Coppice

Clear-cutting

Downy birch

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Fig. 5.

 Table 7

Table 7.

 Table 8

Table 8.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

• ∗ 
  Corresponding author.

Copyright © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

For further details log on website :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953416300654