Molecular marker based detection of leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 in Indian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Published Date
August 2016, Volume 45, Issue 4, pp 369–376

Title 
Molecular marker based detection of leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 in Indian bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Author 

Santosh T. Muthe, 

Pawan L.  Kulwal, 

Dnyandeo A. Gadekar, 

Ashok S.  Jadhav

Original Paper

First Online: 

11 June 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s13313-016-0423-6

Cite this article as: 

Muthe, S.T., Kulwal, P.L., Gadekar, D.A. et al. Australasian Plant Pathol. (2016) 45: 369. doi:10.1007/s13313-016-0423-6

Abstract

Leaf rust is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat causing huge economic losses throughout the world. Several leaf rust resistance genes have been identified and genetically mapped, some of which have also been cloned including the adult plant resistance gene Lr34. Selection of wheat genotypes carrying Lr34 can be accomplished with the help of expression of a morphological marker leaf tip necrosis (LTN) which is linked with Lr34. However, recording of LTN under field conditions is time and labor intensive thereby slowing down the process of selection of desirable genotypes. Use of molecular markers which are tightly linked to Lr34 can be more efficient in precise identification of lines carrying this gene in a short span of time. We selected a total of seven such markers that were earlier reported to be linked with Lr34. The objective of the study was to assess the suitability of these markers in distinguishing Indian bread wheat genotypes carrying Lr34 from those which lacked Lr34. The haplotype analysis suggested that one STS marker (csLV34) and two gene specific markers (cssfr2 and cssfr5) could distinguish wheat genotypes carrying Lr34 from those lacking it. Use of these markers in breeding program can accelerate the speed of selection of desirable genotypes.

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For further details log on website :
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Fungal diseases of canola in Australia: identification of trends, threats and potential therapies

Published Date
August 2016, Volume 45, Issue 4, pp 415–423

Title 
Fungal diseases of canola in Australia: identification of trends, threats and potential therapies

Author 

A. P. Van de Wouw, 

A. Idnurm, 

J. A. Davidson, 

S. J. Sprague, 

R. K. Khangura, 

A. H. Ware, 

K. D. Lindbeck, 

S. J. Marcroft

Original Paper

First Online: 

02 July 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s13313-016-0428-1

Cite this article as: 

Van de Wouw, A.P., Idnurm, A., Davidson, J.A. et al. Australasian Plant Pathol. (2016) 45: 415. doi:10.1007/s13313-016-0428-1

Abstract

Fungal diseases are the major constraint on canola (Brassica napus) production in Australia and worldwide. Blackleg (caused by Leptosphaeria maculans) and Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) are the predominant diseases limiting production but, with increased intensification of production, other diseases previously considered of minor importance and sporadic may be increasing in prevalence. We report on the incidence and severity of four ‘minor’ diseases of canola in Australia: white leaf spot (caused by Pseudocercosporella capsellae), downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), Alternaria leaf and pod spot (Alternaria brassicae) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum). Diseases were monitored at more than 30 sites across Australia from 2013 to 2015. Regions were identified in which specific diseases are a consistent problem, such as white leaf spot in Hamilton in Victoria. In these regions, control strategies to minimise disease may be required. Varietal differences were observed for some diseases suggesting that resistance to these pathogens is already present in Australian advanced breeding material. Lastly, fungicide applications were shown to control some diseases such as white leaf spot.

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For further details log on website :
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10 Biggest Historical Mysteries That Will Probably Never Be Solved

Author Bio

Owen Jarus, Live Science Contributor

Owen Jarus writes about archaeology and all things about humans' past for Live Science. Owen has a bachelor of arts degree from the University of Toronto and a journalism degree from Ryerson University. He enjoys reading about new research and is always looking for a new historical tale.

Credit: Photo by I. Vassil, released into public domain through Wikimedia

Unexplainable?

There are some historical mysteries that may never be solved. Sometimes, that's because the relevant excavated material has been lost or an archaeological site has been destroyed. Other times, it's because new evidence is unlikely to come forward or the surviving evidence is too vague to lead scholars to a consensus.

The lack of answers only makes these enigmas more intriguing. Here, Live Science takes a look at 10 of these historical questions that may never have definitive explanations.

For further information log on website :
http://www.livescience.com/11361-history-overlooked-mysteries.html

Vegetarian Piranhas' With Human-Like Teeth Found in Michigan Lakes

Author Bio

Mindy Weisberger, Senior Writer

Mindy Weisberger is a senior writer for Live Science covering general science topics, especially those relating to brains, bodies, and behaviors in humans and other animals — living and extinct. Mindy studied filmmaking at Columbia University; her videos about dinosaurs, biodiversity, human origins, evolution, and astrophysics appear in the American Museum of Natural History, on YouTube, and in museums and science centers worldwide. Follow Mindy on Twitter.

Smile! Pacus use their disturbingly human-like teeth for cracking open seeds and nuts.

Credit: Michigan Department of Natural Resources

A South American fish with uncannily human-like chompers has been unexpectedly showing up on Michigan anglers' hooks.

The fish are red-bellied pacus (Piaractus brachypomus) and are piranha relatives, though their diet is mostly vegetarian. Pacus are popular with aquarium owners for their unusual square teeth that look remarkably human —rather disturbingly so, in fact. But recently, pacus have been sighted in places where they shouldn't be: Lake St. Clair and Port Huron in southeastern Michigan, where three pacus were caught during the month of July.

The pacus were almost certainly introduced into the lakes by former owners who kept them as pets, according to a statement released Aug. 9 by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR). [Photos: The Freakiest-Looking Fish]

Pacus are native to the Amazon and Orinoco river basins and flood plains. Their flattened bodies resemble those of their sharp-toothed piranha cousins, but their own distinctive teeth are used for crushing seeds and nuts. Pacus can grow to be about 35 inches (89 centimeters) in length, and pet owners may be dismayed to find that their exotic pet can outgrow its tank, which can prompt them to release the fish in the wild, according to the DNR.

Warm temperatures are vital to the pacus' survival, so they are unlikely to become established as an invasive species in Michigan's seasonally cold waters. However, releasing pets in the wild is not only harmful to the animals and likely to result in their death, but could have severe implications for native wildlife and ecosystems, DNR officials said in the statement.

Pacus have been found in Michigan waters before, but this is the first time that people have caught three of them in one week, according to Nick Popoff, a biologist with the Fisheries Division at the DNR. Popoff told Live Science that it's possible the three fish came from a single tank that was dumped in a public access site.

"Pacus' temperature requirements are tropical, and Michigan is not a tropical state," Popoff said. "They're not going to be able to survive our winters, so we don't consider them invasive. We're concerned with this because it highlights the issue of pet owners releasing their pets into the wild."

Goldfish have also been released into Michigan lakes by their owners, but unlike the pacu, they survive year-round and are successfully breeding.

"We have reproducing populations of goldfish in Lake Erie and Lake St. Claire." Popoff explained. "They're an example of an aquarium disposal over time that has created a naturally reproducing population of non-native fish."

In addition to Michigan, at least 26 other states in the U.S. have reported pacu captures in the wild, the DNR said.

"Invasive species are extremely damaging — to Michigan, the Great Lakes, even globally. But the message here is more about individual responsibility," Popoff told Live Science. "Releasing that fish into the wild — you're killing it, even if you don't think you are."

Original article on Live Science.

For further information log on website :
http://www.livescience.com/55753-fish-with-human-like-teeth-in-michigan.html

Characterization of Biochar Derived from Rubber Wood Sawdust through Slow Pyrolysis on Surface Porosities and Functional Groups

Published Date

2013, Vol.68:365–371, doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.193

INTERNATIONAL TRIBOLOGY CONFERENCE MALAYSIA 2013

Open Access, Creative Commons license

Title 

Characterization of Biochar Derived from Rubber Wood Sawdust through Slow Pyrolysis on Surface Porosities and Functional Groups ☆

• Author 

• A. Shaaban ^a
• Sian-Meng Se ^a,
• Nona Merry M. Mitan ^b
• M.F. Dimin ^a

• aDepartment of Engineering Materials, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
• bDepartment of Plant and Maintenance, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

Available online 12 April 2014.

Abstract

Biochars were prepared by conducting slow pyrolysis of rubber wood sawdust (RWSD) derived from sawn timber. Eventhough researches on preparation of biochar from biomass have been reported by many researchers, limited work has been reported for investigation of biochar RWSD for its surface porosities and functional groups. Surface porosity of biochars provides a suitable dimension for cluster of microorganism to grow and higher porosity for better water holding capacity. Surface functional groups contain oxygen may help to improve the soil fertility by increasing the cation and anion exchange capacities to reduce the nutrient leaching in soil. The pyrolysis process was carried out at temperatures ranging between 300 °C to 700 °C at the heating rate of 5 °C/min for 3 hours with continuous nitrogen purging. The influence of pyrolysis temperatures on the biochars pores were investigated by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The surface functional groups were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). SEM analysis clearly showed the development of well-defined pores distributed on biochars surface. It was found that the maximum BET surface area and total pore volume were 5.493 m2/g and 0.0097 cm3/g respectively for biochar pyrolysis at 700 °C. The FT-IR spectrum analysis showed the functional groups decreased with the increasing of pyrolysis temperature. The results highlighted the effect of pyrolysis temperature on biochar pores accumulative that associated with soil fertility and nutrient retention in soil which could be beneficial to the agricultural industries.

Keywords

• Biochar
• slow pyrolysis
• BET surface area
• surface porosity
• surface functional groups

---

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• ☆
  Selection and peer-review under responsibility of The Malaysian Tribology Society (MYTRIBOS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author.

For further details log on website :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187770581302047X