Forgeability and Machinability of Stir Cast Aluminum Alloy Metal Matrix Composites

Published Date

DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2011.1010072

Author(s)    

Rabindra Behera, S. Das, D. Chatterjee, G. Sutradhar

Affiliation(s)

Department of mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India

Department of mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India

Department of mechanical Engineering, Bengal Engineering College, West Bengal, India

Department of mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

ABSTRACT

In the present paper, the aluminum alloy i.e. LM6 based composites reinforced with different weight fraction of SiC particles was produced by stir cast technique and the effect of reinforced ratios on the forgeability and the machinability was examined. The test results show that the increment in weight fraction of reinforcement particles in the matrix metal produced better mechanical property like hardness but the forgeability of the cast MMCs decreases. The forgeability of the as cast MMCs were also varied with the change in thickness of the casting. The results show that the forgeability of cast metal matrix composites at the mid section of the casting is minimum compared to both end section of a three-step casting. The effect of machining parameters, e.g. cutting speed and depth of cut on the surface roughness and cutting forces at constant feed rate was investigated during experimentation. The results show that higher weight percentage of SiCp reinforcement produced a higher surface roughness and needs higher cutting forces during machining operation. It has also observed that the depth of cut and the cutting speed at constant feed rate affected the surface roughness and the cutting forces. This practical research analysis and test results on the forgeability and machinability of Al/SiC-MMC will provide useful guidelines to the present day manufacturing engineers.

References

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Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Reinforcement Particles on the Forgeability and the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites

Published Date

DOI: 10.4236/msa.2010.15045

Author(s)    

S. Das, R. Behera, A. Datta, G. Majumdar, B. Oraon, G. Sutradhar

ABSTRACT

The wide choice of materials, today’s engineers are posed with a big challenge for the right selection of a material and as well as the right selection of a manufacturing process for an application. Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites is a relatively new material among all the engineering materials. It has proved its position in automobile, aerospace, and many other engineering applications due its wear resistance properties and due to its substantial hardness. One of the most important criteria is forgeability by which the workability of the material can be determined. The nature of distribution of reinforcing phase in the matrix greatly influenced the properties of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites. The forgeability of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites, which are produced by powder metallurgy method, are greatly depends on the size and percentage of reinforcement materials, compacting load, sintering temperature and soaking time etc. In this present work, the forgeability of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites reinforced with silicon carbide (400 meshes) has investigated. A comparison have been made with different types of Aluminum Silicon Carbide Metal Matrix Composite materials contains 0%5%,10%,15%&20% by weight of silicon carbide. The mechanical properties like hardness of the different composites have also investigated. It is observed that the forgeabilty of the composites decreases with increasing the wt% of SiC but the mechanical properties like hardness enhanced on increasing the wt% of SiC.

References

[1]	J. H. Shyong and B. Derby, “The Deformation Characteristics of SiC Particulate-Reinforced Aluminium Alloy6061,” Ov/brd OXI 3PH, 1994.
[2]	O. Tatsuki, “Microstructural Design and Mechanical Properties of Porous Silicon Nitride Ceramics,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 498, No. 1-2, pp. 5-11
[3]	O. Adem, A. Hatem and Y. Fevzi, “Production and Characterization of Silicon Carbide Particulate Reinforced Aluminium–Copper Alloy Matrix Composites by Direct Squeeze Casting Method,” 54188, 2006.
[4]	K. M. Shorowordi, T. Laoui, A. S. M. A. Haseeb, J. P. Celis and L. Froyen, “Microstructure and Interface Characteristics of B4C, SiC and Al2O3 Reinforced Al Matrix Composites: A Comparative Study,” Journal of Material Processing Technology, Vol. 142, No. 3, 2003, pp. 738-743.
[5]	P. Palash, V. C. Srivastava, P. K. De and K. L. Sahoo, “Processing and Mechanical Properties of SiC Reinforced Cast Magnesium Matrix Composites by Stir Casting Process,” National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jam-shedpur, 2007.
[6]	S. M. S. Reihani, “Processing of Squeeze Cast Al6061–30vol% SiC Composites and Their Characteriza-tion,” Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, 2004.
[7]	K. Soma Raju, V. V. Bhanu Prasad, G. B. Rodrakshi and N. Ojha, “PM Processing of Al–Al2O3 Composites and Their Characterization,” Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2003, pp. 219-223.
[8]	B. Hwu, S. Lin and M. Jahn, “Effect of Process Parameters on the Properties of Squeeze Cast SiCp-6061 Al Metal Matrix Composite,” Material Science Engineering A, Vol. 207, 1996, pp. 135-141.
[9]	M. Gupta and M. K. Surappa, “Effect of Weight Percentage of SiC Particles on the Ageing Behavior of Al 6061/ SiC Metal Matrix Composites,” Journal Material Science, Vol. 14, 1995, p. 283.
[10]	H. Ahlatci, E. Candan and H. Cimenoglu, “Abrasive Wear Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Al–Si/SiC Composites,” Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Division of Metal Casting, Zonguldak, 2004.
[11]	M. A. Martinez, A. Martin and J. Llorca, Metallurgica Scripta et Materialia, Vol. 28, 1993, pp. 207-212.
[12]	Y. Chen and D. D. L. Chung, Journal Material Science, Vol. 29, 1994, pp. 6069-6075.
[13]	V. V. Bhanuprasad, M. A. Staley, P. Ramakrishna and Y. R. Mahajan, Key Engineering Materials, 1995, pp. 104- 107, 495-506.
[14]	B. Ogel and R. Gurbuz, “Microstructural Characterization and Tensile Properties of Hot Pressed Al–SiC Composites Prepared from Pure Al and Cu Powders,” 2000.
[15]	R. U. Vaidya and K. K. Chawla, In: K. Upadhya, Ed., Developments in Ceramic and Metal Matrix Composites, ASM International, Metals Park, 1991, p. 253.
[16]	J. J. Lewandowski and C. Liu, In: P. Kumar, Ed., “Processing and Properties for Powder Metallurgy Compo-sites,” 1988, p. 117.
[17]	W. C. Harrigan, Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A244, 1998, p. 75.
[18]	N.-P. Cheng, S.-M. Zheng, W.-B. Yu, Z.-Y. Liu, Z.-Q. Chen, “De-formation Behavior of SiC Particle Reinforced A1 Matrix Composites Based on EMA Model,” Changsha, Chongqing, 2006.
[19]	J.-Z. Fan and J.-M. Shang, “The Spatial Distribution of Reinforcements in Aluminum Matrix Composites,” Acta Metall Sinica, Vol. 34, No. 11, 1998, pp. 1199-1204.
[20]	G.-K. He and Q. Han, “Influence of Inclusion’s Orientation and Spatial Distribution on Elastic-Plastic Properties of Composites,” Journal of Beijing Institute Technology, Vol. 19, No. 5, 1999, pp. 554-559.
[21]	K. S. See, “The Effects of the Disposition of SiC Particles on the Forgeability and Mechanical Properties of Co-Sprayed Aluminium-Based MMCs,” BI5 2TT, 1995.

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Cost-effective biodiversity restoration with uncertain growth in forest habitat quality

Published Date

Title 
Cost-effective biodiversity restoration with uncertain growth in forest habitat quality
Ing-Marie Gren, Peter Baxter, Grzegorz Mikusinski and Hugh Possingham

Journal of Forest Economics, 2014, vol. 20, issue 1, pages 77-92

Abstract: This paper develops a dynamic model for cost-effective selection of sites for restoring biodiversity when habitat quality develops over time and is uncertain. A safety-first decision criterion is used for ensuring a minimum level of habitats, and this is formulated in a chance-constrained programming framework. The theoretical results show; (i) inclusion of quality growth reduces overall cost for achieving a future biodiversity target from relatively early establishment of habitats, but (ii) consideration of uncertainty in growth increases total cost and delays establishment, and (iii) cost-effective trading of habitat requires exchange rate between sites that varies over time. An empirical application to the red listed umbrella species – white-backed woodpecker – shows that the total cost of achieving habitat targets specified in the Swedish recovery plan is doubled if the target is to be achieved with high reliability, and that equilibrating price on a habitat trading market differs considerably between different quality growth combinations.

Keywords: Cost-effective biodiversity restoration; Uncertainty; Spatial and temporal heterogeneity; Chance constrained programming; White-backed woodpecker in Sweden(search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C61 Q20 Q57 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014

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Effects of changes in forestland ownership on deforestation and urbanization and the resulting effects on greenhouse gas emissions

Published Date

Title 
Effects of changes in forestland ownership on deforestation and urbanization and the resulting effects on greenhouse gas emissions
Seong-Hoon Cho (scho9@utk.edu), Heeho Kim (kimhh@knu.ac.kr), Roland Roberts(rrobert3@utk.edu), Taeyoung Kim and Daegoon Lee
Journal of Forest Economics, 2014, vol. 20, issue 1, pages 93-109

Abstract: 

This study analyzes the extent to which greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions may be affected by a plan to purchase private forestland for the expansion of carbon sinks, focusing on how changes in forestland ownership affect deforestation and urbanization and how subsequent changes in deforestation and urbanization affect GHG emissions, using South Korea as a case study. The results from ex ante simulations imply that carbon dioxide equivalent emissions could increase between 17.4 and 19.2 million tons with private forestland purchases from a constrained budget of $750 million, compared with an increase of 34.5 million tons without the purchasing plan.

Keywords: Deforestation; Forestland ownership; Greenhouse gas emissions; Urbanization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q23 Q24 Q54 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
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Carbon mitigation potential of the French forest sector under threat of combined physical and market impacts due to climate change

Published Date

Title 
Carbon mitigation potential of the French forest sector under threat of combined physical and market impacts due to climate change

Author 
Antonello Lobianco, Sylvain Caurla (sylvain.caurla@nancy.inra.fr), Philippe Delacote(philippe.delacote@nancy.inra.fr) and Ahmed Barkaoui (ahmed.barkaoui@nancy.inra.fr)
Journal of Forest Economics, 2016, vol. 23, issue C, pages 4-26
Abstract: (1) To quantify the contribution of the French forest-wood product chain in terms of carbon sequestration and substitution when accounting for both the physical impacts (shifts in tree growth and mortality rates) and the market impacts (increased demand of harvested wood products (HWP)) of climate change (cc) and the subsequent forest managers adaptations; (2) To assess the uncertainty of the impacts on the above carbon balance and on forest allocation; and (3) To assess the role of managers’ expectations toward these future, uncertain but highly anticipated, impacts.

Keywords: Forest sector; Carbon balance; Climate change; Bio-economic model(search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q23 Q54 L73 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Finite element modelling of inclined screwed timber to timber connections with a large gap between the elements

Published Date
May 2016, Volume 74, Issue 3, pp 467–471

Title 
Finite element modelling of inclined screwed timber to timber connections with a large gap between the elements

Author 

Coralie Avez, 

Thierry Descamps, 

Erik Serrano, 

Laurent Léoskool

Brief Original

First Online: 

14 January 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-1002-1

Cite this article as: 

Avez, C., Descamps, T., Serrano, E. et al. Eur. J. Wood Prod. (2016) 74: 467. doi:10.1007/s00107-015-1002-1

Abstract

Since the 80’s, Johanssen’s Yield Theory has been adapted to fit new design practices: fastening of timber elements with a layer of insulation (or gap) between the elements or fastening with inclined fasteners. However no rules exist for connections with large gaps (up to 500 mm) and inclined fasteners. The behaviour of screwed connections (timber/large gap/timber) is modelled using an orthotropic material, cohesive surface, Hill criterion and a fictitious material that wraps the screw and models a complex medium where steel and wood interact. The calibrated FE model is finally compared to experimental results.

References

1. Descamps T, Lalisse D, Datoussaïd S (2009) 3D FEM modeling of slender laterally loaded timber fasteners. In: Curran Associates (ed) Proceedings of the 12th international conference on fracture, July 12–17, Ottawa, Canada
2. Dietsch P, Brandner R (2015) Self-tapping screws and threaded rods as reinforcement for structural timber elements—A state-of-the-art report. Constr Build Mater 97:78–89. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.028 (special issue: Reinforcement of Timber Structures)
3. Gabriela T, Erik S, René S (2011) State-of-the-art review on timber connections with glued-in steel rods. Mater Struct 44(5):997–1020CrossRef
4. Gonzales E, Tannert T, Avez C (2015) Timber joints with multiple glued-in steel rods. In: Proceedings of the third international conference on adhesive bonding, Porto
5. Jockwer R (2014) Structural behaviour of glued laminated timber beams with unreinforced and reninforced notches. PhD thesis, ETH Zurich
6. Jockwer R, Steiger R, Frangi A (2014) Fully threaded self-tapping screws subjected to combined axial and lateral loading with different load to grain angles. In: Aicher S, Reinhardt HW, Garrecht H (eds) Materials and joints in timber structures, vol 9. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 265–272CrossRef
7. Lathuilliére D, Bléron L, Descamps T, Bocquet JF (2015) Reinforcement of dowel type connections. Constr Build Mater 97:48–54. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.088(special issue: Reinforcement of Timber Structures)
8. Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut - Danish Building Research (1994) Trækonstruktioner: Beregning. SBIanvisning - Danish Standard (in Danish)
9. Tomasi R, Crosatti A, Piazza M (2010) Theoretical and experimental analysis of timber-to-timber joints connected with inclined screws. Constr Build Mater 24(9):1560–1571CrossRef

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On the identifiability of stiffness components of clear wood from a 3D off-axes prismatic specimen: angle orientation and friction effects

Published Date
May 2016, Volume 74, Issue 3, pp 285–290

Title 

On the identifiability of stiffness components of clear wood from a 3D off-axes prismatic specimen: angle orientation and friction effects

• Author 

• J. Xavier, 
• A. Majano-Majano, 
• J. Fernandez-Cabo

Original

First Online: 

18 March 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s00107-016-1032-3

Cite this article as: 

Xavier, J., Majano-Majano, A. & Fernandez-Cabo, J. Eur. J. Wood Prod. (2016) 74: 285. doi:10.1007/s00107-016-1032-3

Abstract

The robustness of the test method based on a single 3D off-axis prismatic specimen for the simultaneous identification of the orthotropic stiffness components of clear wood is addressed. In this method, the specimen is consecutively submitted to uniaxial compression tests along its three orthogonal axes. A data reduction based on anisotropic elasticity is applied to extract active material parameters from 3D full-field deformation measurements provided by stereo-correlation over adjacent faces. Two major limitations of this test method, directly affecting the parameter identification, are analysed and discussed: (1) off-axes angle orientation; (2) friction effects. A numerical study pointed out that radial and tangential rotations of about 29° and 9°, respectively, balances out the strain components in the specimen response. Moreover, friction can be reduced by using mass lubricant or soft material in the contact interface, realising transverse shear deformation.

References

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9. Majano-Majano A (2015) Heat-treated hardwoods for structural use. PhD thesis, Madrid Polytechnic University (UPM), Madrid, Spain (in spanish)
10. Majano-Majano A, Fernandez-Cabo J, Hoheisel S, Klein M (2012) A test method for characterizing clear wood using a single specimen. Exp Mech 1(1):1–18
11. Ozyhar T, Mohl L, Hering S, Hass P, Zeindler L, Ackermann R, Niemz P (2014) Orthotropic hygric and mechanical material properties of oak wood. Wood Mater Sci Eng. doi:10.1080/17480272.2014.941930
12. Pereira J, Xavier J, Morais J, Lousada J (2014) Assessing wood quality by spatial variation of elastic properties within the stem: case study of pinus pinaster in the transverse plane. Can J For Res 44(2):107–117CrossRef
13. Pierron F, Grédiac M (2012) The virtual fields method: extracting constitutive mechanical parameters from full-field deformation measurements. Springer, New YorkCrossRef
14. Rossi M, Pierron F (2012) On the use of simulated experiments in designing tests for material characterization from full-field measurements. Int J Solids Struct 49(3–4):420–435CrossRef
15. Sonderegger W, Martienssen A, Nitsche C, Ozyhar T, Kaliske M, Niemz P (2013) Investigations on the physical and mechanical behaviour of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). Eur J Wood Wood Prod 71(1):91–99CrossRef
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17. Syed-Muhammad K, Toussaint E, Grédiac M (2009) Optimization of a mechanical test on composite plates with the virtual fields method. Struct Multidiscip Optim 38:71–82CrossRef
18. Xavier J, Garrido N, Oliveira M, Morais J, Camanho P, Pierron F (2004) A comparison between the Iosipescu and off-axis shear test methods for the characterization of pinus pinaster Ait. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 35(7–8):827–840CrossRef
19. Xavier J, Avril S, Pierron F, Morais J (2007) Novel experimental approach for longitudinal-radial stiffness characterisation of clear wood by a single test. Holzforschung 61(5):573–581CrossRef
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