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Thursday, 9 February 2017

Agriculture's contribution remains steady

Author
John Brittain and Stacy Kottman
Regional Update, 1992, issue Jan, pages 4-5, 8
Keywords: Agriculture (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1992
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Protected Agriculture: A Global Review

Author
M.H. Jensen and A.J. Malter
Keywords: AGRICULTURE (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1995
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Agriculture Extension in India

Author
M. Macklin
Keywords: agriculture (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1992
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Agriculture 1860-1914

Author

Cormac Ó Gráda (cormac.ograda@ucd.ie)

Keywords: Agriculture--History (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1994
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Published in: Floud, Roderick and McCloskey, Donald (eds.). The Economic history of Britain since 1700: Vol.2, 1860-1939. - 2nd ed.. Cambridge University Press, 1994
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Agriculture in mid-1948

Author
Anonymous
Federal Reserve Bulletin, 1948, issue Sep, pages 1047-1057
Keywords: Agriculture (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1948
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Climate change in relation to agriculture

Author
Camelia Slave and Ioana Vizireanu

Abstract: Climate change in Romania, will affect all sectors of the economy will lead to changes in vegetation periods and displacement the line between woods and meadows. Extreme weather events (storms, floods, droughts) will occur more frequently, and related risks and damages may become more significant. The areas affected by drought have expanded in the last decades the most exposed being in southeast and most of the country was affected by long lasting dry period. Together with floods, long periods of drought lead to significant economic losses in agriculture, transport, energy, water management, health and activity of households.
Keywords: Agriculture; climate; climate change; greenhouse environment. (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q25 Q54 R11 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2015-11-20
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Published in Agricultural Economics and Rural Development - Realities and Perspectives for Romania ISSN 2285–6803 ISSN-L 2285–6803.6(2015): pp. 162-166
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A General Theory of Climate Denial

Author
Peter J. Jacques
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Global Environmental Politics, 2012, vol. 12, issue 2, pages 9-17

Abstract: The question at hand is, “Why is there a social counter-movement that rejects climate change?” This article begins by first naming this counter-movement “climate denial” and working through the various apparent options by specifically looking at the scholarship on Holocaust denial for insight. Through this insight, we can understand the counter-movement as a reactionary force working to sow confusion for ideological reasons that promote a specific privilege. At the same time, privilege is also protected by the presentation of climate change science as a binary position of “acknowledgement or rejection” that itself promotes privilege and dysfunction across the intersection of science and society. In the end, at least one answer to the question “why denial?” appears to be “because it is serious and threatening” and this, at least partially, explains the existence of this counter-movement. © 2012 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Keywords: climate denial; climate politics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q54 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2012
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The contribution of European forest-related policies to climatechange mitigation: energy substitution first

Author
Frederic Baron, Valentin Bellassen(valentin.bellassen@dijon.inra.fr) and Mariana Deheza
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Abstract: In a framework where no common forestry policy exists at the EU level (such as the Common Agriculture Policy for agriculture), this report lists EU policies that have an impact on climate change mitigation that can be achieved by the forestry sector. With the objective of analyzing the coherence of these policies, we have established a typology and a hierarchy firstly by laying out the legal status and the financial and institutional resources associated with each policy, and secondly by reviewing the objectives of each policy in regards to climate change mitigation in the forestry sector. We finally analyze potentials synergies and conflicts between them. The consequences of each policy on climate change mitigation is assessed through three principal mitigation pathways in the forestry sector: carbon sequestration in forests, energy substitution (biomass, etc.), and what we refer to as the “harvested wood product use effect” (the sequestration of carbon in wood products and the substitution of more carbon-intensive materials with wood). The forest-related EU policies analyzed in this report are found to be globally coherent in terms of shared objectives, defining an EU forestry mitigation strategy focused on energy substitution through: • the Climate and Energy Package that does not address exclusively the forestry sector but has significant influence on energy substitution; • the European Agriculture Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), the most important fund concerning forestry. Among the eligible actions which touch upon climate and forestry, member states have favoured those supporting energy-substitution and to a lesser extent carbon sequestration in forests; Non-mandatory policies such as forest strategies and the forest action plan have diversified objectives touching upon the three mitigation pathways. However their non-legally binding nature brings us to play down their importance. In the end, despite the unbalanced attention given to the different mitigation options, policy objectives are nevertheless coordinated and often complementary in terms of climate change mitigation.
Keywords: climate (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01151909
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Published in [Research Report] auto-saisine. 2013, 44 p
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How prepared are water and agricultural sectors in Sri Lanka for climate change?: a review

Author 

Nishadi Eriyagama and Vladimir Smakhtin


Abstract: Climate is changing world wide, and the science community in Sri Lanka have come up with ample evidence to suggest that the country\u2019s climate has already changed. During 1961- 1990 it\u2019s mean air temperature has increased by 0.016 0C per year (higher than the global average of 0.013 0C), and mean annual rainfall- decreased by 144 mm (7%) compared to the period 1931-1960. In addition, mean annual daytime maximum and mean annual night-time minimum air temperatures increased. However, the bigger question of national importance is what Sri Lanka\u2019s climate will look like in 50 or 100 years and how prepared is the country to face it. Apart from the IPCC projections at the coarse global scale, few studies attempted to project future climate scenarios for Sri Lanka and to identify climate change impacts on agriculture, water resources, the sea level, the plantation sector, the economy and health. Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change are the least studied areas. The paper reviews the status of climate change research/activities in Sri Lanka with respect to future climate predictions, impacts, mitigation and adaptation, and identifies existing knowledge gaps. Messages emerging from this review suggest that Sri Lanka\u2019s mean temperature during the North-East (December-February) and South-West (May-September) monsoon seasons will increase by about 2.9 0C and 2.5 0C respectively, over the baseline (1961-1990), by the year 2100 with accompanying changes in the quantity and spatial distribution of rainfall. Extreme climate events are expected to increase in frequency. These changes will bring about widespread impacts on the country\u2019s agriculture and economy. For example, a 0.5 0C increase in temperature can reduce rice yield by approximately 5.9%; extended dry spells and excessive cloudiness during the wet season can reduce coconut yield so that annual losses can range between $32 and $73 million. Pilot studies in the Galle District suggest that sea level rise could inundate about 20% of the land area of coastal district secretariat divisions. Adaptation measures already undertaken in the agricultural sector include development of low water consuming rice varieties and use of micro-irrigation technologies. Tools have been developed for predicting seasonal water availability within the Mahaweli Scheme and for predicting annual national coconut production. However, Sri Lanka is yet to undertake a comprehensive national study on the vulnerability of its water resources and agriculture to climate change. Formulation of detailed and reliable future climate scenarios for the country is and urgent need in this regard.
Keywords: Climate; Rain; Climate; change; Adaptation; Water; resources; Energy; Air; temperature; Agricultural; production; Coconuts; Rice; Crops; Diversification; Research; priorities (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2009
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Wood-Based Bioenergy

Author
Michael Hoel (mihoel@econ.uio.no) and Thea Marcelia Sletten

Abstract: During recent years increased attention has been given to second-generation wood-based bioenergy. The carbon stored in the forest is highest when there is little or no harvest from the forest. Increasing the harvest from a forest, in order to produce more bioenergy, may thus conflict with the direct benefit of the forest as a carbon sink. We analyze this conflict using a simple model where bioenergy and fossil energy are perfect substitutes. Our analysis shows how the social optimum will depend on the social cost of carbon, and how the social optimum may be obtained by suitable taxes and subsidies.
Keywords: climate; carbon; bioenergy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q30 Q42 Q54 Q58 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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Comparative economic assessment of ABE fermentation based on cellulosic and non-cellulosic feedstocks

Author
Manish Kumar, Yogesh Goyal, Abhijit Sarkar and Kalyan Gayen
Applied Energy, 2012, vol. 93, issue C, pages 193-204

Abstract: Biobutanol can become the replacement of petroleum gasoline in near future. However, economic feasibility of biobutanol production from ABE fermentation is suffering due to the unavailability of cheap feedstocks, production inhibition and inefficient product recovery processes. Here, economic analysis of ABE fermentation has been performed based on cellulosic (bagasse, barley straw, wheat straw, corn stover, and switchgrass) and non-cellulosic (glucose, sugarcane, corn, and sago) feedstocks, which are widely and cheaply available in agriculture based countries. Analysis shows that utilization of glucose required 37% lesser total fixed capital cost than the other cellulosic and non-cellulosic feedstocks for the per year production of 10,000 tonnes of butanol. However, the production cost of butanol from glucose was fourfold higher than sugarcane and cellulosic materials because of its (glucose) high cost. The cost of sago also affected threefold production cost of butanol comparative to other feedstocks. Therefore, these two substrates turned the biobutanol production far from being economically feasible. Interestingly, sugarcane and cellulosic materials showed suitability for economically feasible production of butanol with the production cost range of $0.59–$0.75 per kg butanol. Consequently, quantitative variation in the design and process parameters namely fermentor size, plant capacity, production yield using sugarcane and cellulosic materials as raw materials, trigger significant reduction in unitary cost of butanol up to 53%, 19%, and 31% respectively. Therefore, these parameters will play significant role in making the butanol production economical from cheaper feedstocks (sugarcane and cellulosic materials). Further, high sensitivity of production cost from the product yield postulates significant manipulation in genome of butanol producing bacteria for improving the yield of ABE fermentation.
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Cellulose reactivity in ethanol at elevate temperature and the kinetics of one-pot preparation of ethyl levulinate from cellulose

Author
Guizhuan Xu, Chun Chang, Shuqi Fang and Xiaojian Ma
Renewable Energy, 2015, vol. 78, issue C, pages 583-589

Abstract: Cellulose reactivity in ethanol at elevated temperature (170–210 °C) was investigated in this study. Water and acid catalyst can improve the solubilization and the conversion of cellulose in ethanol. In ethanol/water medium, more humic solids will be formed, but the amounts of diethyl ether decreased greatly. In ethanol medium, the ethanolysis reaction of cellulose played a dominant role, with ethyl levulinate (EL) as the main liquid product. In addition, organic esters and furan derivatives were the main small molecules in the liquid, and diethoxymethane and diethyl sulfate were considered as the main liquid by-products. On the basis, the kinetics of one-pot preparation of EL from cellulose was further investigated at a temperature range of 170–210 °C and an acid concentration range of 0.5–2.0 wt%. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was employed to develop an approach for the evaluation of the process. A good agreement of the ANN model results and the experimental data was obtained, and the optimum reaction conditions for one-pot preparation of EL were temperature 188 °C, reaction time 30 min, acid concentration 1.2 wt%. Under the conditions, higher EL yield can be obtained, which was close to the ANN model result.

Keywords: Cellulose; Ethanol; Ethyl levulinate; Kinetics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Challenges for Crop Production Research in Improving Land Use, Productivity and Sustainability

Author
Huub Spiertz (huub.spiertz@wur.nl)
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Sustainability, 2013, vol. 5, issue 4, pages 1632

Abstract: The demand for food, feed, and feedstocks for bioenergy and biofactory plants will increase proportionally due to population growth, prosperity, and bioeconomic growth. Securing food supply and meeting demand for biomass will involve many biological and agro-ecological aspects such as genetic plant improvement, sustainable land use, water-saving irrigation, and integrated nutrient management as well as control of pests, diseases and weeds. It will be necessary to raise biomass production and economic yield per unit of land—not only under optimum growing conditions, but even more under conditions constrained by climate, water availability, and soil quality. Most of the advanced agronomic research by national and international research institutes is dedicated to the major food crops: maize, rice, wheat, and potato. However, research on crops grown as feedstock, for bio-energy and industrial use under conditions with biophysical constraints, is lagging behind. Global and regional assessments of the potential for growing crops are mostly based on model and explorative studies under optimum conditions, or with either water or nitrogen deficiencies. More investments in combined experimental and modeling research are needed to develop and evaluate new crops and cropping systems under a wide range of agro-ecological conditions. An integral assessment of the biophysical production capacity and the impact on resource use, biodiversity and socio-economic factors should be carried out before launching large-scale crop production systems in marginal environments.
Keywords: agricultural research; biomass yield; bioenergy; cropping systems; crop adaptation; food security; nutrient management; water saving (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Bioenergy, Agriculture and the Developing Countries

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Abstract: The dramatic increase in food and energy prices on the international markets during 2006-2008 has raised a great debate on the respective causes and the most adequate policy responses. The role of agriculture in the production of alternative energy sources has loomed large in this debate. Often, however, attention has focused in particular on analysis of biofuel impacts on commodity prices rather than other important aspects, relating to the potential of the bioenergy sector for the developing countries, and indeed their rural development. This paper offers a survey of the literature addressing recent evolution in the international agricultural markets and the impacts of rising biofuel production on developing countries. The survey will focus particular attention on the possibility of a more active role for the developing countries in the use of renewable resources, such as bioenergy.
Keywords: Agricultural markets; Bioenergy; Developing countries (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q20 Q42 Q48 O10 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2010
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Improving bioenergy sustainability evaluations by using soil nitrogen balance coupled with life cycle assessment: A case study for electricity generated from rye biomass

Author

Carlos M. Sastre, Juan Carrasco, Ruth Barro, Yolanda González-Arechavala, Emiliano Maletta, Ana M. Santos and Pilar Ciria

Applied Energy, 2016, vol. 179, issue C, pages 847-863

Abstract: The use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as an environmental tool to evaluate the sustainability of different bioenergy pathways has become a common practice since the European Renewable Energy Directive was published in 2009. In the evaluation of bioenergy produced out from dedicated energy crops, nitrogen fertilizer production and use are commonly identified as the most important contributors to fossil energy consumption and to several environmental impacts categories including Global Warming Potential. In considering the impacts produced by the nitrogen fertilization of energy crops and in addition to the effects of fertilization schemes on the biomass yield, more attention should be paid to the changes in soil nitrogen to know if fertilization doses and application schemes are sufficient enough to maintain soil nitrogen stocks and ensure that soil quality is preserved for future years. To this aim, in this work soil nitrogen balance is used as an indicator to estimate the evolution of soil nitrogen stocks and complement LCA calculations. In this paper, the effects of three nitrogen top fertilization doses (null, 30 and 80kgN/(hay)) used for rye cultivation are compared when ry is grown as a dedicated energy crop for electricity generation under the Spanish province of Soria conditions. A LCA was carried out using experimental crop testing results and a centralised (25MWe) straw power plant data in combination with soil nitrogen balance obtained in each of the experimental crop trials. After that, the LCA results were compared with those obtained when electricity is generated from natural gas in Spanish power plants. According to the average calculations, each additional kgN/(hay) applied in top fertilization produces a reduction of 0.18% on GHG savings with respect to natural gas electricity, as well as a worsening in the energy balance of 0.00084TJ fossil energy per TJ of electricity generated but reduces soil nitrogen deficit in 0.43kgN/(hay). For top fertilization doses of 80kgN/(hay) the average GHG savings with respect to natural gas were 63.7% and the average non-renewable energy consumption was 6, 4 times less for the bioenergy system than for natural gas. Fossil energy accounted for more than 95% of total non-renewable energy in this calculation. This work evidences that determinate biomass growing conditions associated to high GHG savings and improved energy balances may cause detrimental effects for soil fertility due to considerable associated negative soil nitrogen balances. This finding suggests the convenience to include the soil nitrogen balance as a complementary indicator for bioenergy LCA calculations.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...