Ball milling pretreatment and diluted acid hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibres for the production of levulinic acid

Published Date
July 2015, Vol.52:85–92, doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2015.01.028

Author 

• Siew Xian Chin ^a,b
• Chin Hua Chia ^a,,,
• Sarani Zakaria ^a
• Zhen Fang ^b
• Sahrim Ahmad ^a

• aSchool of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
• bChinese Academy of Sciences, Biomass Group, Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 88 Xuefulu, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650223, China

Received 29 August 2014. Revised 13 January 2015. Accepted 26 January 2015. Available online 14 February 2015. 

Highlights

• • Ball milling pretreatment enhanced yield of levulinic acid.
• • Ball milling increased accessible surface area of fibres for acid hydrolysis.
• • The highest 53.93% of LA was produced from oil palm EFB fibres.

Abstract

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibres were pretreated by ball milling (BM) at different durations of times. The pretreated fibres were characterised by wide angle X-ray diffraction analysis, particle-size distribution and scanning electron microscopy while the effectiveness of the pretreatment was correlated with the yield of acid hydrolysis to produce levulinic acid (LA). The obtained results showed that the highest yield of LA (10.4 g/L, 52.08%) can be achieved from the 12 h BM pretreated EFB fibres. Further BM pretreatment exceeding 12 h has no significant effect on the LA yield. Optimisation process was further carried out by applying central composite with rotatable design to verify the optimum parameter (H₂SO₄ concentration, temperature, and time) to produce LA. The optimal conditions for the LA production from the EFB fibres were 0.57 N H₂SO₄, 185.98 °C, and 195.77 min for producing 10.77 g/L (53.93 %) of LA.

Keywords

Green chemicals

Levulinic acid

Optimisation

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Table 6.

• *
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 3 8921 5473; fax: +60 3 8921 3777.

Copyright © 2015 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Survey of selected adhesive bonding properties of nine European softwood and hardwood species

Published Date
November 2016, Volume 74, Issue 6, pp 809–819

Open AccessOriginal

First Online: 

23 July 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s00107-016-1087-1

Cite this article as: 

Konnerth, J., Kluge, M., Schweizer, G. et al. Eur. J. Wood Prod. (2016) 74: 809. doi:10.1007/s00107-016-1087-1

Author

• Johannes KonnerthEmail author
• Marcel Kluge
• Georg Schweizer
• Milica Miljković
• Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter

Abstract

Due to the increasing interest in applying a wider range of wood species for structural purposes, nine European softwood and hardwood species (ash, beech, birch, hornbeam, larch, oak, poplar, black locust and spruce) were assessed for their ability to be bonded with three different commercial adhesive systems (melamine–urea–formaldehyde, one-component polyurethane and phenol–resorcinol–formaldehyde). Tensile shear strength and delamination tests were conducted according to European standards, for all tests including the corresponding wood species as adhesive joints and as a solid wood reference. When tested in dry condition, the threshold of solid wood tensile shear strength was reached by all species–adhesive combinations. By contrast, testing in wet condition revealed distinct performance reductions for certain combinations. This trend was confirmed by delamination testing. Overall, the results indicate that extrapolation of test results achieved with a specific wood species (as recommended in the current standard for lap-joint tests) towards other species is highly problematic and has to be done with caution.

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Effect of hygrothermal treatment on wood properties: color changes and kinetic analysis using four softwood and seven hardwood species

Published Date
November 2016, Volume 50, Issue 6, pp 1145–1160

Original

First Online: 

13 May 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s00226-016-0833-1

Cite this article as: 

Matsuo, M.U., Mitsui, K., Kobayashi, I. et al. Wood Sci Technol (2016) 50: 1145. doi:10.1007/s00226-016-0833-1

Abstract

Color changes of four softwood and seven hardwood species during hygrothermal treatment were compared among species and kinetically evaluated. Treatment temperature ranged from 70 to 120 °C, and the durations were 5–150 h. Generally, the L∗$L^{}$ (lightness) decreased and the total color differences (ΔE∗ab)$\mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\text{ab}}^{}$ increased irrespective of the treatment temperature. a∗$a^{}$ and b∗$b^{}$ (redness and yellowness) values varied spuriously based on the wood species. Kinetic analysis using the time–temperature superposition principle, which uses the whole data set, was successfully applied to the color changes. The apparent activation energies of the color changes calculated from ΔE∗ab$\mathrm{\Delta }{E}_{\text{ab}}^{}$ were 24.3–40.8 kJ/mol for softwood and 32.3–61.3 kJ/mol for hardwood. The average apparent activation energy for hardwood was higher than for softwood. These values were lower than those calculated from other material properties. The obtained results will contribute to assess the color changes during the early stage of kiln drying and hygrothermal modification of wood.

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