Mechanisms and ecological role of carbon transfer within coastal seascapes.

Published Date
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2014 Feb;89(1):232-54. doi: 10.1111/brv.12055. Epub 2013 Aug 26.

Author

Hyndes GA1, Nagelkerken I, McLeod RJ, Connolly RM, Lavery PS, Vanderklift MA.

Author information

1

Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, 6027, Australia.

Abstract

Worldwide, coastal systems provide some of the most productive habitats, which potentially influence a range of marine and terrestrial ecosystems through the transfer of nutrients and energy. Several reviews have examined aspects of connectivity within coastal seascapes, but the scope of those reviews has been limited to single systems or single vectors. We use the transfer of carbon to examine the processes of connectivity through multiple vectors in multiple ecosystems using four coastal seascapes as case studies. We discuss and compare the main vectors of carbon connecting different ecosystems, and then the natural and human-induced factors that influence the magnitude of effect for those vectors on recipient systems. Vectors of carbon transfer can be grouped into two main categories: detrital particulate organic carbon (POC) and its associated dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC/DIC) that are transported passively; and mobile consumers that transport carbon actively. High proportions of net primary production can be exported over meters to hundreds of kilometers from seagrass beds, algal reefs and mangroves as POC, with its export dependent on wind-generated currents in the first two of these systems and tidal currents for the last. By contrast, saltmarshes export large quantities of DOC through tidal movement, while land run-off plays a critical role in the transport of terrestrial POC and DOC into temperate fjords. Nekton actively transfers carbon across ecosystem boundaries through foraging movements, ontogenetic migrations, or 'trophic relays', into and out of seagrass beds, mangroves or saltmarshes. The magnitude of these vectors is influenced by: the hydrodynamics and geomorphology of the region; the characteristics of the carbon vector, such as their particle size and buoyancy; and for nekton, the extent and frequency of migrations between ecosystems. Through a risk-assessment process, we have identified the most significant human disturbances that affect the integrity of connectivity among ecosystems. Loss of habitat, net primary production (NPP) and overfishing pose the greatest risks to carbon transfer in temperate saltmarsh and tropical estuaries, particularly through their effects on nekton abundance and movement. In comparison, habitat/NPP loss and climate change are likely to be the major risks to carbon transfer in temperate fjords and temperate open coasts through alteration in the amount of POC and/or DOC/DIC being transported. While we have highlighted the importance of these vectors in coastal seascapes, there is limited quantitative data on the effects of these vectors on recipient systems. It is only through quantifying those subsidies that we can effectively incorporate complex interactions into the management of the marine environment and its resources.

© 2013 The Authors. Biological Reviews © 2013 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

KEYWORDS:

coastal ecosystems; ecosystem functioning; fjords; food webs; landscape ecology; mangroves; reefs; saltmarshes; seagrasses; spatial subsidy

PMID:

 

23980752

 

DOI:

 

10.1111/brv.12055

For further details log on website :
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23980752

Tropical forest carbon balance in a warmer world: a critical review spanning microbial- to ecosystem-scale processes.

Published Date
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2012 Nov;87(4):912-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00232.x. Epub 2012 May 21.

Author
 Wood TE1, Cavaleri MA, Reed SC.

Author information

1

International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Jardín Botánico Sur, Río Piedras, PR, USA. wood.tana@gmail.com

Abstract

Tropical forests play a major role in regulating global carbon (C) fluxes and stocks, and even small changes to C cycling in this productive biome could dramatically affect atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2) ) concentrations. Temperature is expected to increase over all land surfaces in the future, yet we have a surprisingly poor understanding of how tropical forests will respond to this significant climatic change. Here we present a contemporary synthesis of the existing data and what they suggest about how tropical forests will respond to increasing temperatures. Our goals were to: (i) determine whether there is enough evidence to support the conclusion that increased temperature will affect tropical forest C balance; (ii) if there is sufficient evidence, determine what direction this effect will take; and, (iii) establish what steps should to be taken to resolve the uncertainties surrounding tropical forest responses to increasing temperatures. We approach these questions from a mass-balance perspective and therefore focus primarily on the effects of temperature on inputs and outputs of C, spanning microbial- to ecosystem-scale responses. We found that, while there is the strong potential for temperature to affect processes related to C cycling and storage in tropical forests, a notable lack of data combined with the physical, biological and chemical diversity of the forests themselves make it difficult to resolve this issue with certainty. We suggest a variety of experimental approaches that could help elucidate how tropical forests will respond to warming, including large-scale in situ manipulation experiments, longer term field experiments, the incorporation of a range of scales in the investigation of warming effects (both spatial and temporal), as well as the inclusion of a diversity of tropical forest sites. Finally, we highlight areas of tropical forest research where notably few data are available, including temperature effects on: nutrient cycling, heterotrophic versus autotrophic respiration, thermal acclimation versus substrate limitation of plant and microbial communities, below-ground C allocation, species composition (plant and microbial), and the hydraulic architecture of roots. Whether or not tropical forests will become a source or a sink of C in a warmer world remains highly uncertain. Given the importance of these ecosystems to the global C budget, resolving this uncertainty is a primary research priority.

Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

PMID:

 

22607308

 

DOI:

 

10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00232.x

For further details log on website :
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607308

Temperature influences carbon accumulation in moist tropical forests.

Published Date
Ecology. 2006 Jan;87(1):76-87.

Author

Raich JW1, Russell AE, Kitayama K, Parton WJ, Vitousek PM.

Author information

1

Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA. jraich@iastate.edu

Abstract

Evergreen broad-leaved tropical forests can have high rates of productivity and large accumulations of carbon in plant biomass and soils. They can therefore play an important role in the global carbon cycle, influencing atmospheric CO2 concentrations if climate warms. We applied meta-analyses to published data to evaluate the apparent effects of temperature on carbon fluxes and storages in mature, moist tropical evergreen forest ecosystems. Among forests, litter production, tree growth, and belowground carbon allocation all increased significantly with site mean annual temperature (MAT); total net primary productivity (NPP) increased by an estimated 0.2-0.7 Mg C x ha(-1) x yr(-1) x degrees C(-1). Temperature had no discernible effect on the turnover rate of aboveground forest biomass, which averaged 0.014 yr(-1) among sites. Consistent with these findings, forest biomass increased with site MAT at a rate of 5-13 Mg C x ha(-1) x degrees C(-1). Despite greater productivity in warmer forests, soil organic matter accumulations decreased with site MAT, with a slope of -8 Mg C x ha(-1) x degrees C(-1), indicating that decomposition rates of soil organic matter increased with MAT faster than did rates of NPP. Turnover rates of surface litter also increased with temperature among forests. We found no detectable effect of temperature on total carbon storage among moist-tropical evergreen forests, but rather a shift in ecosystem structure, from low-biomass forests with relatively large accumulations of detritus in cooler sites, to large-biomass forests with relatively smaller detrital stocks in warmer locations. These results imply that, in a warmer climate, conservation of forest biomass will be critical to the maintenance of carbon stocks in moist tropical forests.

For further details log on website :
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16634298

Whole-island carbon stocks in the tropical Pacific: implications for mangrove conservation and upland restoration.

Published date 
J Environ Manage. 2012 Apr 30;97:89-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.004. Epub 2011 Dec 29.

Author

Donato DC1, Kauffman JB, Mackenzie RA, Ainsworth A, Pfleeger AZ.

Author information

1

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Hilo, HI 96720, USA. ddonato@wisc.edu

Abstract

Management of forest carbon (C) stocks is an increasingly prominent land-use issue. Knowledge of carbon storage in tropical forests is improving, but regional variations are still poorly understood, and this constrains forest management and conservation efforts associated with carbon valuation mechanisms (e.g., carbon markets). This deficiency is especially pronounced in tropical islands and low-lying coastal areas where climate change impacts are expected to be among the most severe. This study presents the first field estimate of island-wide carbon storage in ecosystems of Oceania, with special attention to the regional role of coastal mangroves, which occur on islands and coastal zones throughout the tropics. On two island groups of Micronesia (Yap and Palau), we sampled all above- and belowground C pools, including soil and vegetation, in 24 sites distributed evenly among the three major vegetation structural types: mangroves, upland forests, and open savannas (generally on degraded lands formerly forested). Total C stocks were estimated to be 3.9 and 15.2 Tg C on Yap and Palau, respectively. Mangroves contained by far the largest per-hectare C pools (830-1218 Mg C ha(-1)), with deep organic-rich soils alone storing more C (631-754 Mg C ha(-1)) than all pools combined in upland systems. Despite covering just 12-13% of land area, mangroves accounted for 24-34% of total island C stocks. Savannas (156-203 Mg C ha(-1)) contained significantly lower C stocks than upland forests (375-437 Mg C ha(-1)), suggesting that reforesting savannas where appropriate has high potential for carbon-based funding to aid restoration objectives. For mangroves, these results demonstrate the key role of these systems within the broader context of C storage in island and coastal landscapes. Sustainable management of mangrove forests and their large C stocks is of high importance at the regional scale, and climate change mitigation programs such as REDD+ could play a large role in avoiding deforestation of mangroves where this is a management objective.

For further details log on website :
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22325586

Agricultural Price Policy, Output, and Farm Profitability—Examining Linkages during Post-Reform Period in India

Author

Ashutosh Kumar Tripathi (ashutosh_cds@yahoo.co.in)
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Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 1, pages 91-111

Abstract: The formulation of agricultural price policy is complicated by the multiplicity of functions that price performs. The objectives, thrust, and instruments of agricultural price policy in India have undergone conspicuous shifts during the past 50 years and so has the role and effectiveness of price policy as a tool to influence the agricultural economy. The country’s post-reform period witnessed higher emphasis and dependence on price policy compared with previous decades, where price policy aimed only at maintaining a balance between the interests of consumers and producers. It is in this context that the paper examines the effectiveness of procurement prices in getting sufficient income to the farmers. An in-depth analysis of costs and returns was conducted for wheat and paddy, the crops offered the highest protection by the state, to get idea of the profitability of Indian agriculture and gain insights into the workings of the price policy.

Keywords: structural reform; agricultural prices; agricultural commodity; agriculture policy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q10 Q11 Q13 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Determinants of Land Leasing Decisions in Shrimp Farming in West Bengal, India: Implications for Government Policy

Author

Poulomi Bhattacharya (bpoulomi@gmail.com)
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Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 1, pages 79-90

Abstract: Using primary data collected from 208 shrimp farming households in West Bengal, this study found that demographic and economic factors influence land-leasing decisions in both traditional and scientific shrimp farming. The Tobit model results indicate that the household’s land holding size is positively related with extent of leased in land in traditional shrimp farming; the relationship was negative in the case of scientific shrimp farming. This signifies that the market does not facilitate land leasing for traditional shrimp culture among households with small landholdings but does so in the case of scientific shrimp farming. Moreover, the household head’s age had a negative relationship with extent of land leased out in both traditional and scientific shrimp farming. This indicates that existing institutional arrangements in shrimp farming in West Bengal have not been successful in motivating young rural people to undertake shrimp farming themselves instead of leasing out land for shrimp culture. Aquaculture policies should address this matter.

Keywords: shrimp farming; leasing-in; leasing-out; leasing market; Tobit model (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q11 Q22 C25 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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The Role of Social Capital and Local Institutions in Coping with Climate Stresses: The Case of Krapum Chhouk Commune in Rural Cambodia

Author

Dany Va (dva@bond.edu.au), Michael Regan (mregan@bond.edu.au), Ros Taplin (r.taplin@unsw.edu.au) and Bhishna Bajracharya (bbajrach@bond.edu.au)
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Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 1, pages 61-78

Abstract: Social capital is a central requirement for a successful climate change adaptation, especially in Cambodia where formal institutions are still poorly developed. Collective action and not-for-profit bonding are important for climate change adaptation; however, these are not easily developed. This study examined the local institutions vital for the livelihoods of citizens who live in flood-prone Krapum Chhouk commune in rural Cambodia. Through observations and in-depth interviews with the local community, it investigated social capital in terms of the dynamics of relationships, relations of trust, and social norms and practices. This study found that most networks were profit-oriented. Traditional practices such as community assistance for either agricultural works or social welfare have been diluted, and relations of trust were an issue in some villages. The connections between local institutions were found to be lacking; cross-membership across institutions was limited. Overall, many indications of weakness were found in community institutions, which may have negative implications on addressing climate change.

Keywords: social capital; local institutions; local livelihoods; climate stresses; Cambodia (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q54 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Management of Coffee Leaf Rust Disease in India: Evidence for Socio-economic and Locational Determinants

Author

Muttur Ranganathan Narayana (mrnarayana@yahoo.com)
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Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 1, pages 41-59

Abstract: Coffee leaf rust is a major disease affecting the production of Arabica coffee. This paper presents an estimation of socioeconomic and locational determinants of CLR management as they relate to the application of fungicides (Bordeaux mixture and systemic fungicides) in India. Using survey data from 575 growers (comprising 90% small and poor growers), estimates of binary logit models offer evidence on the significant impact of altitude, rainfall, age of household head, economic status, social caste, and size of bearing area of the Arabica coffee cultivation on CLR management. Given the socioeconomic and estate variables, the estimated probability of adoption is highest for Bordeaux mixture. These results offer new insights into CLR management practices beyond the known cultural and cultivation practices. They imply a need for public policy on recommended CLR management practices and subsidy for chemical inputs to improve production and productivity of small and poor Arabica coffee growers. Further, the framework and results are relevant and applicable to other Arabica coffee growing countries in Asia and Africa.

Keywords: coffee leaf rust; Arabica coffee; Bordeaux mixture; systemic fungicides; binary logit model (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q16 Q13 Q19 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Bioeconomics of Spiny Lobster Farming in Indonesia

Author

Elizabeth H Petersen (liz.petersen@tpg.com.au), Clive Jones (clive.jones@daff.qld.gov.au) and Bayu Priyambodo (bayu_lombokmadc@yahoo.com)
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Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 1, pages 25-39

Abstract: Spiny lobster puerulus settlements have recently been found in bays in Lombok, Indonesia, leading to the development of lobster grow-out culture in adjacent areas. This research suggests that lobster farming in Indonesia is a viable alternative livelihood for Indonesian fishers. Currently, returns to investment are modest and largely dependent on the price and availability of lobster seed and credit. Farmers are harvesting the lobsters as soon as they reach marketable size (100 grams) to minimize potential mortality and generate income as soon as possible. This research suggests there are significant benefits from delaying harvest until the lobsters are larger (approximately 300 grams) to benefit from higher yields. The profitability of the industry is not expected to be significantly impacted by large increases in fuel prices, although a disease epidemic would be devastating. Feeds are dominantly low-value finfish, the majority of which is caught by the farmer. There are significant economic benefits to be realized from the use of pelleted diets (especially if they are functional feeds) and farmers indicated that they would be willing to try them if they were available. Early adoption of pellets by this nascent industry is likely to prevent significant negative environmental impacts as the industry develops.

Keywords: lobster; aquaculture; indonesia; bioeconomics; industry development; grow out; Panulirus (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q12 Q12 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Rice Yield Gap between Myanmar and Vietnam: A Matter of Price Policy or Public Investment in Technology?

Author

Koji Kubo

Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 1, pages 1-24

Abstract: This paper examines the rice yield gap between Myanmar and Vietnam, two countries that show a stark contrast in terms of rice production in the past two decades. It considers the impact on yield of price policies and public investments in production technology. While domestic rice prices were once controlled in both countries, no clear deterioration or improvement in terms of trade for rice producers were confirmed in the past two decades. Rather, the widening yield gap in this period might be attributable to differences in technological changes due to public investments. It is implied that Myanmar needs more effective public investments in agriculture to upgrade production technology. Furthermore, the experience of the two countries suggests that delegating the budget to local governments might raise the effectiveness of public investments.

Keywords: price policy; public investment; yield gap; Myanmar; Vietnam (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q18 O13 O57 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Food Safety Concerns and other Factors Affecting Iran's Pistachio Exports to EU, Australia, and Japan

Author

Niloofar Ms Ashktorab (nilo.ashktorab@gmail.com), Sayed Hossein Saghaian and Naser Shahnoushi
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Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 2, pages 95-105

Abstract: In this paper, the impact of food safety concerns on Iran's pistachio export demand was investigated. Panel data and panel cointegration analyses were used to estimate the export demand function of Iran's pistachio nuts to the European Union (EU), Japan, and Australia for the period of 1997 to 2006 so that the relationship between factors affecting Iran's pistachio exports can be examined. The results show the existence of long-run relationships among the variables that have a significant impact on Iran's pistachio exports. The empirical results indicate that food safety shocks had a statistically significant negative impact on the import demand of those countries.

Keywords: food safety; pistachio; Iran's export demand; panel cointegration; EU countries; Japan; Australia (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q11 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Economic Cooperation in Natural Rubber: The Impacts on Natural Rubber's World Supply and Indonesia's Economy

Author

Kiki Verico (kverico@yahoo.com)

Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 2, pages 75-93

Abstract: In 1999, the International Natural Rubber Agreement (INRA) which had regulated the world's natural rubber since 1979 collapsed. This paper analyzed the impacts of this international agreement on both the global trade and supply of natural rubber as well as on Indonesia, a major producer of rubber. This study adopted two approaches in its assessment: (1) the Cournot-Nash Equilibrium, which analyzes the "external effects" or the global market conditions for natural rubber before and after the collapse of INRA; and (2) the Input-Output Table Simulation on rubber products, which assesses the "internal effects" or the economic conditions in Indonesia before and after the collapse of INRA.

Keywords: oligopoly market; international investment; Cournot-Nash Equilibrium; International Tripartite Rubber Organization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L13 F21 C72 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Push and Pull Factors in Rural Filipino Youth's Outmigration from Agricultural Communities

Author

Jaime IV A Manalo (ja.manalo4@philrice.gov.ph) and Elske van de Fliert (evandefliert@uq.edu.au)
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Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 2, pages 59-73

Abstract: Rural youth outmigration is a phenomenon that can change the agricultural landscape of farming communities. The Philippines has witnessed an unprecedented youth exodus from rural to urban areas in past decades. This paper explored this issue in rice farming communities in two Philippine provinces, Aurora and Albay. Sixty-eight farmers' children aged 13–21 years old participated in this research. This paper analyzed the level of youth involvement in farm work and their perceptions on farming, which can ultimately inform their decision to migrate or continue farming. Parental discourses influencing youth decisions to migrate were then investigated. This research used mobility maps, time transects, photovoice outputs, in-depth and key informant interviews, and group discussions. While intentions to migrate were high, young individuals had a strong desire to remain connected to their family's farms. Hence, policymakers would do well to assist those who leave the rural areas and return after some time. Equal attention should be given to those who may not return to rural areas but are willing to invest in farming to employ their poor relatives. Migrants can often raise the resources needed to finance the input-intensive rice farming operations.

Keywords: Add Keyword; youth; outmigration; education; return; leavers (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O I20 Z (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Assessment of a Farmer Base Network in Promoting an Integrated Farming System at the Mekong Delta in Vietnam

Author

Ha Van Vo (vvha@ctu.edu.vn), Nhan Kieu Dang (dknkhan@ctu.edu.vn), Ngoc Le Thach and Be Thanh Tran
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Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 2, pages 39-58

Abstract: This study analyzed forces driving the emergence of farmer networks in Vietnam and quantified the benefits of an integrated farming system (IFS) and the role of a farmer network in promoting IFS in the Mekong Delta. This case study applied a combination of literature review, participatory community assessment, and household survey approaches. The case study was undertaken in the My An commune, Cho Moi districtW of An Giang province. Findings from the study show that both networking and non-networking household groups recognize the important advantages of farmer networks, and that practicing IFS gives farming households economic, environmental, and social benefits and food security. Networking and practicing IFS are synergistic. By networking, farmers can gain better access to agricultural extension and credit services as well as improve their social networking, and hence adopt and practice IFS efficiently and contribute to rural poverty reduction. These benefits of networking and IFS practices should be considered at the community and regional levels rather than only at the level of individual households. Positive linkages and synergism should go beyond network or farm boundary (i.e., between specific networks or farms). Further development of farmer networks and IFS needs more effective policies and support from the government.

Keywords: farmer networks; integrated farming system; benefits (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L13 F21 C72 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Operationalizing the Ecosystem Approach to Small-Scale Fisheries Management in the Philippines: The Iligan Bay Alliance of Misamis Occidental

Author

Len R. Garces (l.garces@cgiar.org), Maripaz L Perez (ma.perez@cgiar.org), Angelito C. Alolod, Idohna Leah J Buendia, Leslie S. Callanta, Lope B. Santos, Paul Joseph B. Ramirez (p.ramirez@cgiar.org) and Michael D. Pido (mdpido@yahoo.com)
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Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 2013, vol. 10, issue 2, pages 15-37

Abstract: This paper describes the application of the participatory diagnosis and adaptive management (PDAM) framework to analyze the governance of small-scale fisheries and the potential for adopting the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Using the Rapid Appraisal of a Fisheries Management System (RAFMS) as a complementary methodology, the paper provides key information on stakeholders' perception on scaling-up of fisheries management. More specifically, the paper focuses on the strengthening of the Iligan Bay Alliance for Misamis Occidental (IBAMO), a multi-stakeholder body to provide a governance framework for inter-LGU collaboration. Stakeholder participation during the diagnostic phase is also described as well as potential areas for capacity building in addition to information and education activities that are needed to promote EAF in this important fisheries area.

Keywords: small-scale fisheries management; governance; Iligan Bay Alliance for Misamis Occidental; rapid appraisal and participatory diagnosis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q20 Q22 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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