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Tuesday, 25 April 2017

A theoretical analysis of illegal wood harvesting as predation – with two Ugandan illustrations

Author
Ole Hofstad

Abstract: By assuming a forest growing logistically and a local population that harvests wood illegally in a manner similar to predation, a bio-economic model gives the following results: 1) when local population is very low, optimal deterring effort is zero; 2) as long as the population is sufficiently low, no deterring effort is required to avoid complete deforestation; 3) when population is above minimum threshold, optimal deterring effort is determined by the cost of deterrence relative to the value of wood; 4) when human population grows above a higher threshold, deterring effort must be greater than zero to avoid complete deforestation; 5) the larger the population grows, minimum deterring effort to avoid exhaustion approaches maximum effort; 6) when human population is very large, the relative cost of deterrence must be low, or the price of wood very high, to make deterrence worth wile.
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Berberis vulgaris L.

Berberis vulgaris L.

Barberry

Berberidaceae

Transversal section

Ring-porous to semi-ring-porous. Growth ring boundaries undulating. Earlywood pore ring discontinuous. Latewood pores and vascular tracheids in clusters with a diagonal to dendritic orientation. Parenchyma diffuse, apotracheal.          

Radial section

Simple perforation plates. Distinct spiral thickenings in vessels and vascular tracheids. Homogeneous rays, occasionally heterogeneous with one or two enlarged marginal cells. Libriform fibres present, fibre-tracheids absent.   

Tangential section

Rays 5- to 7-seriate, rarely narrower or wider, very rarely uniseriate rays. Sheath cells occasionally present. Ray height up to 10 mm.   

Key characters

Ring-porous. In latewood clusters of pores and vascular tracheids with a diagonal to dendritic orientation. Wide, high rays, generally homogeneous. Simple perforation plates, spiral thickenings.

© / authors / citation / 03.05.06

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First Movers, Non Movers and Social Gains from Supporting Entry in Markets for Nature-Based Recreational Goods

Author
Suzanne Elizabeth Vedel, Jette Bredahl Jacobsen and Bo Thorsen (bjt@ifro.ku.dk)

Abstract: In general most nature-based recreational goods and benefits are considered positive externalities of production, as they are usually not subject to trade. So far, a low degree of rivalry among most user groups and legally defined rights has secured these benefits as almost a public good. Yet, the increasing intensity of use and the arrival of new demanding user groups are quickly changing the picture. In some regions, rivalry among user groups is strong, changing the situation to one of a common-pool resource and declining quality of the good. This provides an option for landowners to offer tailored goods and services to specific user groups, offering to improve the quality of their recreational experience against a payment. Using a two-stage game theoretical model, we show that in spite of apparent potential first-mover advantages in this developing market, demand uncertainty and sunk costs may equally well result in widespread presence of non-movers on the supplier side. While most of the first-mover literature analyse the potentials for sustained first-mover gains, we focus on the presence of non-movers. In a simple model, we show that social gains can be made from offering a subsidy towards the sunk costs. The efficient scheme takes into account the underlying first-mover game.
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Kemera Supports and the Profitability of Small- Diameter Energy Wood Harvesting from Young Stands in Finland

Author
Aaron Petty and Kalle Kärhä

Abstract: In order to speed up the production of small-sized thinning wood chips in young stands, the Finnish State provides financial incentives for the production of small-diameter wood chips. Financial support is provided according to the Sustainable Silviculture Foundation Law (Kemera). Currently (Summer 2008), the Kemera support provides subsidies for smallsized wood chips in early thinnings 7–10 €/MWh maximum in typical harvesting conditions (whole-tree chip removal 40–70 m3/ha, and average stem size of removal 10–40 dm3). Metsäteho Oy undertook a study on the total production costs of small-sized thinning wood chips with and without the Kemera supports. The results gave a clear indication that small-sized wood chips cannot currently be produced without the Kemera supports from young stands with typical harvesting conditions. If operating without the Kemera supports, the average stem size of whole trees harvested must be greater than 80 dm3, at the current price level of small-diameter wood chips in order for the harvesting of small-diameter energy wood from young stands to be economically profitable in Finland.
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Streamline a Design, Manufacture, and Fitting Workflow: A Case Study on A Fit-Out SME in the UK

Author
Marina Machado, Jason Underwood and Andrew Fleming
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Abstract: This paper presents a case study of BIM implementation for Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA). The project is a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) between the University of Salford and Links FF&E, a design, manufacture and fit-out SME based in the UK. The project aims to implement BIM as a catalyst for a Lean transformation, streamlining process and operations. Initially, organisational process are reviewed, which is followed by implementing appropriate technologies to enable subsequent people and process transformation. The 30 month project is organized in 6 key stages. This paper presents findings from the first four stages that have been completed to date of 1. Establishing best practice knowledge in BIM; 2. Conducting a review and analysis of the organisation's current situation, 3. Developing a BIM-based collaborative strategy, and the fourth, which is currently progressing, 4. Pilot implementation of BIM collaborative strategy for DfMA. The remaining stages will conduct a project evaluation, before finally implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system.
Date: 2016
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Utilization of bioresources for sustainable biofuels: A Review

Author
N. Gaurav, S. Sivasankari, Gs Kiran, A. Ninawe and J. Selvin
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 73, issue C, 205-214

Abstract: The global energy demand has been increasing rapidly due to depletion of fossil fuels, continuous growth of world population and industrialized economy. India has surpassed to Japan and Russia and become the third largest oil consumer in the world. Unfortunately, India’s primary energy consumption has increased due to reduced oil and gas production. The increased consumption of imported oil could lead to turbulence in economic growth. Due to increasing demand of oil fuels and consequent impact of global warming issues, development of alternate energy is a top priority in research and developments sector. The bioenergy produced from the biomass is being a sustainable alternate energy source which received high acceptance in various sectors include public, industries and government policies. from the Government, public, industries and researches for its sustainability. This review focuson bioprospecting of biomass from terrestrial and marine resources for non conventional energy production and the stepping stones of biofuel for near future. These carbohydrates can be converted into various forms of biofuels either directly or indirectly by exploiting microorganisms. However, the production process and chemical transformation is being an expensive process and therefore commercial supply of biofuel in largescale is not yet successful. Hence an economic and efficient production process is essential to commercialize biomass based biofuels. This article highlights the overview of sustainable and renewable resources for biofuel and stepping stones of biofuel commercialization.
Keywords: Biomass; Terrestrial; Marine; Biofuels; Sustainability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...