Effect of Immersion Time in Water on the Tensile Properties of Acetylated Steam-exploded Acacia mangium Fibers-Filled Polyethylene Composites

Author

1. R. Mat Taib
   1. School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia, razaina@eng.usm.my

1. S. Ramarad
   1. School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

1. Z.A. Mohd Ishak
   1. School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

1. H.D. Rozman
   1. School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia

Abstract

Composites of high-density polyethylene and acetylated steam-exploded Acacia mangium fibers are immersed in water at room temperature for 30 days and tested for tensile properties after 2, 4, and 6 days of immersion. All composites absorb water but the water uptake decreases with increasing weight percent gain (WPG) of the acetylated fibers (AAEF). Immersion time has negative effect on the tensile properties and the impact is lesser for composites filled with AAEF of higher WPG. Tensile modulus decreases linearly (R ²=0.80) with water uptake. Acetylation does not improve fiber—matrix interaction but reduces the amount of water absorbed by the composite systems.

For further details log on website :
http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/19/5/475.abstract

Effect of Moisture Absorption on the Tensile Properties of Steam-exploded Acacia mangium Fiber–Polypropylene osites

Author
R. Mat Taib

1. 1. School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia; razaina@eng.usm.my

1. Z. A. Mohd Ishak
   1. School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

1. H. D. Rozman
   1. School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia

1. W. G. Glasser
   1. Biobased materials/Recycling Center, Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061, USA

Abstract

Polypropylene-filled alkali-extracted steam-exploded Acacia mangium fiber (AEF–PP) composites are immersed in water at room temperature for three months. All composites, including those with maleated polypropylene (MAPP) are found to absorb water considerably. The results of tensile properties indicate that the properties deteriorate following water absorption. The addition of MAPP to the composite systems (AEF–PP–MAPP) does not help in retaining the tensile properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations of the fracture surfaces of AEF–PP–MAPP composites reveal degradation of interfacial interaction. The composites, however, recover more than 90% of the tensile properties after oven treatment probably due to recovery of interfacial interaction as evident in scanning electron micrographs. The tensile properties recoveries for AEF–PP composites are fewer than for those with MAPP. Permanent damages in composite structures due to water absorption might 

For further details log on website :
http://jtc.sagepub.com/content/19/5/475.abstract

Alkali Extracted Steam-Exploded Acacia mangium Wood Fiber as Reinforcing Material for Polypropylene-Based Composites

Published Date
Author
R. M. Taib , Z. A. M. Ishak , R. H. Din & W. G. Glasser 

Pages 67-84 | Received 03 Feb 2003, Accepted 17 Jul 2003, Published online: 20 Nov 2008

• Download citation
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J395v01n01_05

Abstract 

Composites of polypropylene (PP) and alkali extracted steam-exploded Acacia mangium wood fiber (AEF) were prepared. The fiber was grafted with maleated polypropylene (MAPP), either Epolene E-43 or Epolene G-3003. Their performance as a compatibilizing agent was compared. Treated fibers were characterized with SEM, ESCA, and FTIR. SEM and ESCA showed the presence of both MAPPs at the fiber surfaces. FTIR spectroscopy was unable to detect ester links between MAPP and AEF. All mechanical properties were improved with the incorporation of the treated fibers due to improved fiber dispersion and fiber/matrix adhesion as revealed by optical and scanning electron micrographs. As a compatibilizer, Epolene E43 performed better than E polene G-3003.

For further details log on website :
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J395v01n01_05

A method for visualizing cesium ions adsorbed on wood charcoal using SEM–EDX

Published Date
Original

First Online: 

06 October 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s00226-016-0875-4

Cite this article as: 

Yamagishi, T., Kurimoto, Y. & Yamauchi, S. Wood Sci Technol (2016). doi:10.1007/s00226-016-0875-4

Author

• Takayuki YamagishiEmail author
• Yasuji Kurimoto
• Shigeru Yamauchi

Abstract

A new method based on scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) was developed for visualizing the distribution of cesium ions (Cs+) adsorbed by Japanese cedar charcoal. After being soaked in saturated aqueous CsCl solutions, wood charcoal and regular wood samples were embedded in resin, and thin sections of sample were prepared for the Cs+ observations. The Cs+ ions on charcoal could be seen in EDX mapping images and also in line profiles with enough contrast to identify differences between the various carbonized cell wall regions. On the other hand, Cs+ could not be observed in the EDX mapping images of wood samples, despite having been soaked in a saturated aqueous CsCl solution. These results indicate that Cs+ adsorbed on charcoal can be visualized using this method, but not Cs+ in wood. Additionally, oxygen detected on the charcoal by EDX can be regarded as an indicator of the presence of surface functional groups.

References

1. Biniak S, Pakula M, Szymański GS, Światkowsąki A (1999) Effect of activated carbon surface oxygen- and/or nitrogen-containing groups on adsorption of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution. Langmuir 15:6117–6122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Chen JP, Wu S (2004) Acid/base-treated activated carbons: characterization of functional groups and metal adsorptive properties. Langmuir 20:2233–2242CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
3. Donaldson LA, Ryan KG (1987) A comparison of relative lignin concentration as determined by interference microscopy and bromination/EDXA. Wood Sci Technol 21:303–309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Erikkson I, Lidbrandt O, Westermark U (1988) Lignin distribution in birch (Betula verrucosa) as determined by mercurization with SEM- and TEM-EDXA. Wood Sci Technol 22:251–257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Fujita I, Tomooka J, Sugimura T (1991) Sorption of anionic surfactants with wood charcoal. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 64:738–740CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Goldstein J, Newbury DE, Joy DC, Lyman CE, Echlin P, Lifshin E, Sawyer L, Michael JR (eds) (2003a) Chapter 6. Generation of X-rays in the SEM specimen. In: Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 271–296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Goldstein J, Newbury DE, Joy DC, Lyman CE, Echlin P, Lifshin E, Sawyer L, Michael JR (eds) (2003b) Chapter 15. Procedure for elimination of charging in nonconducting specimens. In: Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 647–673CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Honma S, Sano Y, Kubota M, Umehara K, Komazawa K (2000) Chemical structure and ammonia adsorption ability of Todomatsu (Abies sachalinensis) wood carbonized in nitrogen and air atmospheres (in Japanese). Mokuzai Gakkaishi 46:348–354Google Scholar
9. Igersheim A, Cichocki O (1996) A simple method for microtome sectioning of prehistoric charcoal specimens, embedded in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Rev Palaeobot Palynol 92:389–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Jia YF, Thomas KM (2000) Adsorption of cadmium ions on oxygen surface sites in activated carbon. Langmuir 16:1114–1122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Jia YF, Xiao B, Thomas KM (2002) Adsorption of metal ions on nitrogen surface functional groups in activated carbons. Langmuir 18:470–478CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Kurimoto Y, Kano A, Sawabe O (2004) Porosity and pore structures of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) wood pyrolyzed under different temperatures and atmospheres (in Japanese). Mokuzai Gakkaishi 50:106–115Google Scholar
13. Malik DJ, Strelko V Jr, Streat M, Puziy AM (2002) Characterization of novel modified active carbons and marine algal biomass for the selective adsorption of lead. Water Res 36:1527–1538CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
14. Mao Y, Hu H, Yan Y (2011) Biosorption of cesium (I) from aqueous solution by a novel exopolymers secreted from pseudomonas fluorescence C-2: equilibrium and kinetic studies. J Environ Sci 23:1104–1112CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Mary M, Revol J-F, Goring DAI (1986) Mass loss of wood and its components during transmission electron microscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 31:957–963CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Matsunaga H, Kiguchi M, Roth B, Evans PD (2008) Visualization of metal in pine treated with preservative containing copper and iron nanoparticles. IAWA J 29:387–396CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Matsunaga H, Kiguchi M, Evans PD (2009) Microdistribution of copper-carbonate and iron oxide nanoparticles in treated wood. J Nanopart Res 11:1087–1098CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Okawara H, Danev R, Suzuki T, Nagayama K (2000) Experimental phase-plate for complex electron microscopy (in Japanese). Ann Rep Tech Div Nat Inst Physiol Sci 15:39–41Google Scholar
19. Pérez-Candela M, Martín-Martínes JM, Torregraosa-Maciá R (1995) Chromium (VI) removal with activated carbons. Water Res 29:2174–2180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Pragathiswaran C, Sibi S, Sivanesan P (2013) Removal of copper (II) ion from aqueous solution using eichhonia crassipes: characteristic and morphology study. Int J Res Pharm Chem 3:881–885Google Scholar
21. Qui Y, Cheng H, Xu C, Sheng GD (2008) Surface characteristics of crop-residue-derived black carbon and lead (II) adsorption. Water Res 42:567–574CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Randall JM, Garrett V, Bermann RL, Waiss AC Jr (1974) Use of bark to remove heavy metal ions from waste solutions. For Prod J 24:80–84Google Scholar
23. Saka S, Goring DAI (1988) The distribution of lignin in white birch wood as determined by bromination with TEM-EDXA. Holzforschung 42:149–153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Saka S, Thomas RJ (1982) Evaluation of the quantitative assay of lignin distribution by SEM-EDXA-technique. Wood Sci Technol 16:1–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Saka S, Whiting P, Fukazawa K, Goring DAI (1982) Comparative studies on lignin distribution by UV microscopy and bromination combined with EDXA. Wood Sci Technol 16:269–277CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Saka S, Hosoya S, St-Germain FGT, Goring DAI (1988) A comparison of the bromination of syringyl- and guaiacyl-type lignins. Holzforschung 42:149–153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Srivastava SK, Singh AK, Sharma A (1994) Studies on the uptake of lead and zinc by lignin obtained from black liquor—a paper industry waste material. Environ Technol 15:353–361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Taty-Costodes VC, Fauduet H, Porte C, Delacroix A (2003) Removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions, from aqueous solutions, by adsorption onto sawdust of Pinus sylvestris. J Hazard Mater B105:121–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Wang FY, Wang H, Ma WJ (2010) Adsorption of cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solution by a new low-cost adsorbent—Bamboo charcoal. J Hazard Mater 177:300–306CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
30. Westermark U (1985) Bromination of different morphological parts of spruce wood (Picea abies). Wood Sci Technol 19:323–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Westermark U, Lidbrandt O, Eriksson I (1988) Lignin distribution in spruce (Picea abies) determined by mercurization with SEM-EDXA technique. Wood Sci Technol 22:243–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32. Yamauchi S, Kurimoto Y, Yatagai M (2013) Cesium ion adsorption on oak charcoal in aqueous solutions (in Japanese). Wood Carboniz Res 10:35–42Google Scholar
33. Yamauchi S, Yamagishi T, Kirikoshi K, Yatagai M (2014) Cesium adsorption from aqueous solutions onto Japanese oak charcoal I: effects of the presence of group 1 and 2 metal ions. J Wood Sci 60:473–479CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Yamauchi S, Yamagishi T, Kirikoshi K, Yatagai M (2015) Cesium adsorption from aqueous solutions onto Japanese oak charcoal II: effects of metal ions eluted from the charcoal. J Wood Sci 61:185–191CrossRefGoogle Scholar

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00226-016-0845-x

Chemical structure and thermal properties of lignin modified with polyethylene glycol during steam explosion

Published Date

Original

First Online: 

08 October 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s00226-016-0870-9

Cite this article as: 

Feng, Y., Lan, J., Ma, P. et al. Wood Sci Technol (2016). doi:10.1007/s00226-016-0870-9

Author

• Yanhong FengEmail author
• Junshan Lan
• Pengtao Ma
• Xiaolong Dong
• Jinping Qu
• Hezhi He

Abstract

Thermoplastic processing of lignin is restricted by its high glass transition temperature (Tg). In this study, lignin was modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) during steam explosion to improve its thermoplastic properties, and the effects of steam explosion and PEG on the chemical structure and thermal properties of lignin were investigated. Structure characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that hydroxyl and ether functional groups increased and the activity of lignin was improved by steam explosion. In addition, steam explosion treatment was more effective than heat treatment for promoting the reaction of PEG with lignin. Solid-state 13C NMR revealed that PEG was grafted onto lignin. The Tg of raw lignin was 164.1 °C; after steam explosion, lignin exhibited more than one Tgs. The Tg of lignin was reduced when the steam explosion temperature increased and decreased further, to around 60 °C, when PEG was used to modify lignin. Therefore, this work provides an effective approach to reducing the high Tg of lignin.

References

1. Bouajila J, Dole P, Joly C, Limare A (2006) Some laws of a lignin plasticization. J Appl Polym Sci 102:1445–1451CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Brugnago RJ, Satyanarayana KG, Wypych F, Ramos LP (2011) The effect of steam explosion on the production of sugarcane bagasse/polyester composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 42:364–370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Chahar S, Dastidar MG, Choudhary V, Sharma DK (2004) Synthesis and characterisation of polyurethanes derived from waste black liquor lignin. J Adhes Sci Technol 18:169–179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Cui CZ, Sadeghifar H, Sen S, Argyropoulos DS (2013) Toward thermoplastic lignin polymers; part II: thermal & polymer characteristics of kraft lignin & derivatives. BioResources 8:864–886Google Scholar
5. Deepa B, Abraham E, Cherian BM, Bismarck A, Blaker JJ, Pothan LA, Leao AL, de Souza SF, Kottaisamy M (2011) Structure, morphology and thermal characteristics of banana nano fibers obtained by steam explosion. Bioresour Technol 102:1988–1997CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
6. Effendi A, Gerhauser H, Bridgwater AV (2008) Production of renewable phenolic resins by thermochemical conversion of biomass: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12:2092–2116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. El Mansouri NE, Salvado J (2006) Structural characterization of technical lignins for the production of adhesives: application to lignosulfonate, kraft, soda-anthraquinone, organosolv and ethanol process lignins. Ind Crop Prod 24:8–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. El-Wakil NA (2009) Use of lignin strengthened with modified wheat gluten in biodegradable composites. J Appl Polym Sci 113:793–801CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Hilburg SL, Elder AN, Chung H, Ferebee RL, Bockstaller MR, Washburn NR (2014) A universal route towards thermoplastic lignin composites with improved mechanical properties. Polymer 55:995–1003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Kadla JF, Kubo S (2003) Miscibility and hydrogen bonding in blends of poly(ethylene oxide) and kraft lignin. Macromolecules 36:7803–7811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Kadla JF, Kubo S, Venditti RA, Gilbert RD, Compere AL, Griffith W (2002) Lignin-based carbon fibers for composite fiber applications. Carbon 40:2913–2920CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Kubo S, Kadla JF (2005) Kraft lignin/poly(ethylene oxide) blends: effect of lignin structure on miscibility and hydrogen bonding. J Appl Polym Sci 98:1437–1444CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Laurichesse S, Averous L (2014) Chemical modification of lignins: towards biobased polymers. Prog Polym Sci 39:1266–1290CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Li Y, Sarkanen S (2005) Miscible blends of kraft lignin derivatives with low-Tg polymers. Macromolecules 38:2296–2306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Li JB, Henriksson G, Gellerstedt G (2007) Lignin depolymerization/repolymerization and its critical role for delignification of aspen wood by steam explosion. Bioresour Technol 98:3061–3068CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
16. Lin J, Kubo S, Yamada T, Koda K, Uraki Y (2012) Chemical thermostabilization for the preparation of carbon fibers from softwood lignin. BioResources 7:5634–5646Google Scholar
17. Lisperguer J, Perez P, Urizar S (2009) Structure and thermal properties of lignins: characterization by infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. J Chil Chem Soc 54:460–463CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Lorthioir C, Laupretre F, Soulestin J, Lefebvre JM (2009) Segmental dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide) chains in a model polymer/clay intercalated phase: solid-state NMR investigation. Macromolecules 42:218–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Martinez AT, Almendros G, Gonzalez-Vila FJ, Frund R (1999) Solid-state spectroscopic analysis of lignins from several Austral hardwoods. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 15:41–48CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
20. Martin-Sampedro R, Capanema EA, Hoeger I, Villar JC, Rojas OJ (2011) Lignin changes after steam explosion and laccase–mediator treatment of eucalyptus wood chips. J Agric Food Chem 59:8761–8769CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
21. Pucciariello R, Villani V, Bonini C, D’Auria M, Vetere T (2004) Physical properties of straw lignin-based polymer blends. Polymer 45:4159–4169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Rahman MA, De Santis D, Spagnoli G, Ramorino G, Penco M, Phuong VT, Lazzeri A (2013) Biocomposites based on lignin and plasticized poly(l-lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 129:202–214CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Robert D, Bardet M, Lapierre C, Gellerstedt G (1988) Structural changes in aspen lignin during steam explosion treatment. Cellul Chem Technol 22:221–230Google Scholar
24. Sadeghifar H, Cui CZ, Argyropoulos DS (2012) Toward thermoplastic lignin polymers. Part 1. Selective masking of phenolic hydroxyl groups in kraft lignins via methylation and oxypropylation chemistries. Ind Eng Chem Res 51:16713–16720CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Saito T, Brown RH, Hunt MA, Pickel DL, Pickel JM, Messman JM, Baker FS, Keller M, Naskar AK (2012) Turning renewable resources into value-added polymer: development of lignin-based thermoplastic. Green Chem 14:3295–3303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Sipos B, Szilagyi M, Sebestyen Z, Perazzini R, Dienes D, Jakab E, Crestini C, Reczey K (2011) Mechanism of the positive effect of poly(ethylene glycol) addition in enzymatic hydrolysis of steam pretreated lignocelluloses. C R Biol 334:812–823CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
27. Spevacek J, Baldrian J (2008) Solid-state C-13 NMR and SAXS characterization of the amorphous phase in low-molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s. Eur Polym J 44:4146–4150CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Tejado A, Pena C, Labidi J, Echeverria JM, Mondragon I (2007) Physico-chemical characterization of lignins from different sources for use in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis. Bioresour Technol 98:1655–1663CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
29. Zimbardi F, Ricci E, Braccio G (2002) Technoeconomic study on steam explosion application in biomass processing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 98:89–99CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00226-016-0845-x