January 2010, Vol.31(1):417–424,doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.05.040
Author
H.P.S. Abdul Khalil a,,
M.R. Nurul Fazita a
A.H. Bhat a
M. Jawaid a
N.A. Nik Fuad b
aSchool of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
bSchool of Housing and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
Received 1 April 2009. Accepted 30 May 2009. Available online 9 June 2009.
Abstract
Shortage of wood as a raw material has forced wood-based industries to find alternative local raw materials. Currently, oil palm biomass is undergoing research and development (R & D) and appears to be the most viable alternative. This work examines the conversion of oil palm trunk (OPT) and oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) into new plywood and analyses its properties. We prepared five-ply veneer hybrid plywood (alternating layers of oil palm trunk veneer and empty fruit bunch mat) with different spread levels (300 g/m2 and 500 g/m2) of resins (phenol formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde). We then studied the mechanical and physical properties of the plywood. The results show that hybridisation of EFB with OPT improves some properties of plywood, such as bending strength, screw withdrawal and shear strength. The thermal properties of the plywood panels were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The panels glued with phenol formaldehyde with a spread level of 500 g/m2 showed better thermal stability than the other panels. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the fibre matrix bonding and surface morphology of the plywood at different glue spread levels of the resins. The fibre–matrix bonding showed good improvement for the hybrid panel glued with 500 g/m2 phenol formaldehyde.
Corresponding author. Present address: Division of Bioresource Technology, School of Industrial Technology, University Science Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia. Tel.: +60 4 6532200; fax: +60 4 657367.
Published Date
Materials & Design (1980-2015) April 2012, Vol.36:215–219,doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2011.10.004 Sustainable Materials, Design and Applications
Author
Yeoh Beng Hoong a,,,
Yueh Feng Loh a
Abd. Wahab Nor hafizah b
Md. Tahir Paridah b
Harun Jalaluddin a
aFibre and Biocomposite Development Center, Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Lot 152, Jalan 4, Kompleks Perabot Olak Lempit, 42700 Banting, Selangor, Malaysia
bInstitute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Received 18 August 2011. Accepted 3 October 2011. Available online 8 October 2011.
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of waste materials such as, saw dust, rice husk, coconut coir, empty fruit brunch (EFB), oil palm mass and oil palm stem (OPS) as alternative material for wood-based industry in producing various commercial product have been extensively explored. Nevertheless, the used of OPS as raw material replacing hardwood species in plywood production has been in practice for the past 10 years. However, high resin consumption and low mechanical properties in OPS plywood are still the limitation. Hence, in this study we explored the potential of a new resin treatment approach using LmwPF in order to produce high grade OPS plywood. Pilot scale production of LmwPF treated OPS plywood was assessed for properties such as, thickness swelling, water absorption, hot-press pressure, bonding integrity, density, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). LmwPF resin treatment of OPS in plywood production indicated that with this new resin treatment method, improvement of ⩾200% in strength, ⩾259% in stiffness, dimensional stability (⩾6% thickness swelling and ⩾36% water absorption) as well as, 28% and 80% greater in dry and WBP shear, respectively as compare to the conventional method of commercial OPS plywood.
Highlights ► We study the suitability parameter of pre-treatment OPS veneer with LmwPF resin. ► We examine the change of dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and bonding quality of treated OPS plywood. ► Increasing of the pressing pressure will increase the bending properties and shear strength of OPS plywood. ► Wood failure of shear strength panel has been defined.
Published Date
Procedia Chemistry 2015, Vol.14:122–129, doi:10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.018 2nd Humboldt Kolleg in conjunction with International Conference on Natural Sciences 2014, HK-ICONS 2014 Open Access, Creative Commons license Author
Cynthia Lendria Magdalena Marbun
Nurita Toruan-Mathius
Reflini
Condro Utomo,
Tony Liwang
Plant Production and Biotechnology Division, PT SMART Tbk., Sinar Mas Land Plaza, 2nd Tower, 10th Fl., Jl. M.H. Thamrin No 51, Jakarta 10350, Indonesia.
Available online 18 March 2015.
Abstract
Tissue culture technique has been used to produce elite oil palm clonal materials in commercial scale. Proliferation of embryogenic callus in oil palm commonly utilizes solid and liquid medium, but the result are still not optimum. Recently, researchers have developed an improved technique called Temporary Immersion System (TIS) and this technique has shown great potential to increase proliferation rate of the embryogenic callus. This research can be divided into two groups i.e. selection of liquid medium using shaker to increase the proliferation rate and proliferation of embryogenic callus using TIS. The objectives of this research are to obtain the best medium for increasing embryogenic proliferation rate using shaker and to obtain the best medium and time interval of immersion to increase the proliferation rate using TIS. Approximately 0.3 g of embryogenic callus from embryoid-line A1 were weighted and cultured in twenty two types of liquid medium for the first research and two types of medium with the composition of MSD and MSA for the second research. The proliferation rate based on fresh weight obtained from week 8 observations. The data was analysed with Anova of F (α = 5%) and then with DMRT in α = 5%. TIS observation was done every 1 h, 3 h, 6 h of immersion time with time interval of 3 min. The results showed that the best medium composition to increase proliferation of embryogenic callus using shaker was MSA9, the best medium composition to increase proliferation of embryogenic callus using TIS was MSD, and the best time interval of immersion was every 3 h for 3 min.
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