Emerging green-tech specializations and clusters – A network analysis on technological innovation at the metropolitan level

Published Date
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
January 2017, Vol.67:1037–1046, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.086

• Author 

• Alessandro Marra ^a,,
• Paola Antonelli ^a,
• Cesare Pozzi ^b,

• aUniversity D’Annunzio, Italy
• bUniversity of Foggia, Italy

Received 30 June 2015. Revised 7 July 2016. Accepted 19 September 2016. Available online 25 October 2016.

Abstract

Current models of production and energy use are promoting an effervescent green-technology (green-tech) market focused on innovation and improved environmental performance. Most green-tech firms are innovative start-ups or small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) characterized by large intangible assets and technological uncertainty, which makes it difficult to identify their research and development (R&D) and innovation paths. In addition, green-tech companies tend to aggregate spatially and, throughout the world, clusters are increasingly seen as a strategy to foster innovative production and R&D activities and stimulate a sustainable energy transition. This paper investigates green-tech companies in San Francisco, New York and London to identify their specialization and underlying technological and/or market complementarities, and emerging aggregates and specific clusters. Based on information from CrunchBase and the web, we propose a network analysis using metadata on technological innovations produced by green-tech companies in these three metropolitan areas. Metadata are keywords and terms that help to describe an item, and in the database they identify the products, services and technologies driving innovation. The main metrics of the networks identified (at both node and network level) are discussed from an economic perspective. The approach helps in the design and implementation of targeted and information-based local policies and facilitates closer relationships between innovative companies, suppliers and clients, venture capitalists, large corporations and research laboratories involved in the green-tech industry.

JEL Code

L52

L86

M13

O52

Keywords

Green-technology

Green clusters

Green policies

Network analysis

CrunchBase

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116305780

Forest Disturbance Processes

Management of forest ecosystems to sustain desired benefits requires knowledge of how forests change over time in response to natural disturbances and management activities. Disturbances include both stresses and destructive agents; these include invasive species (diseases as well as plant and animal pests); fire; changes in climate and serious weather events such as hurricanes and ice storms; pollution of the air, water, and soil; real estate development of forest lands; and timber harvest. Some of these are caused by humans, in part or entirely, others are not. Some problems may not be obvious, others are painfully so—such as when gypsy moth populations are so large that when GM frass (excrement) falls, it can be heard. Many of these changes can seriously affect the ability of particular fish and wildlife to inhabit wildland ecosystems. NRS scientists are researching many of these disturbance factors in order to understand them better and to develop control or mitigation methods. 

Science Topics 

• Invasive species 
• Science to support the National Fire and Fuels Strategy 
• Climate change and events
• Air, water, and soils pollution 
• Fragmentation and land use change 
• Market -induced changes to forests 
• Monitoring and assessment of forest health
• Fish and wildlife habitat and viability 

Last Modified: 03/07/2012

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/

Response of Adult Lymantriid Moths to Illumination Devices in the Russian Far East

Author

• Wallner, William E.
• Humble, Lee M.
• Levin, Robert E.
• Baranchikov, Yuri N.
• Carde, Ring T.
• Carde, Ring T.

Year Published

1995

Publication

Journal of Economic Entomology. 88(2): 337-342.

Abstract

In field studies in the Russian Far East, five types of illuminating devices were evaluated for attracting adult gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), pink gypsy moth, L. mathura Moore, and nun moth, L. monacha (L.). Our objective was to determine if light from commercial lamps suited to out-of-doors floodlighting could be modified to reduce their attractiveness to moths without a reduction of illumination. During 17 nights of tests, fluorescent blacklight lamps captured significantly more adults than either phosphor mercury or highpressure sodium lamps. Captures were slightly higher for phosphor mercury than high-pressure sodium lamps but both were unattractive to all three lymantriids after the addition of filters that blocked spectral emissions <480 nm. Daily temporal periodicity, based on adult captures at lights, resulted in distinct activity patterns for the three lymantriids. Peak activity for L. dispar was between 2300 and 0100 hours; for L. mathura, 0100-0300 hours; and 0300- 0500 hours for L. monacha. Temporal activity patterns suggest that L. dispar and L. monacha possess nonoverlapping die1 rhythms, whereas L. mathura overlaps broadly with both L. dispar and L. monacha.

Keywords

• Lymantria dispar
• Lymantria monacha
• Lymantria mathura
• Asian gypsy moth

Citation

Wallner, William E.; Humble, Lee M.; Levin, Robert E.; Baranchikov, Yuri N.; Carde, Ring T. 1995. Response of Adult Lymantriid Moths to Illumination Devices in the Russian Far East. Journal of Economic Entomology. 88(2): 337-342.

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/8386

Comparison of the Hatch of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Eggs from Russia and the United States After Exposure to Different Temperatures and Durations of Low Temperature

Author

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• Keena, Melody A.

Year Published

1996

Publication

Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 89(4): 564-572.

Abstract

Comparisons are made of the effects of temperature and duration of low temperature on egg hatch of North American and Russian gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar), under controlled laboratory conditions. Percentage of hatch of embryonated eggs, days to 1st hatch after incubation at warm temperature and temperal distribution of hatch are used to compare hatch of different strains under various conditions. Eggs from 2 Russian gypsy moth strains required less exposure to low temperature to be able to hatch than did eggs from a North American strain. Hatch took longer to begin and proceeded more slowly in eggs held at constant 15 and 20?C. Hatch did not occur for >99% of North American and Russian eggs held at a constant 25?C. Substantial variation in hatch in response to low temperature exists both within and between gypsy moth strains, making adaptation to a wide range of climates possible. Variation in diapause requirements within a strain and between strains can be assessed and compared by holding eggs for 60 d at 5?C followed by incubation at 25?C.

Keywords

• Lymantria dispar
• temperature
• diapause
• gypsy moth
• eggs
• Asian gypsy moth

Citation

Keena, Melody A. 1996. Comparison of the Hatch of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Eggs from Russia and the United States After Exposure to Different Temperatures and Durations of Low Temperature. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 89(4): 564-572.

Last updated on: October 1, 2009

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/8389

Identification and characterization of a RAPD-PCR marker for distinguishing Asian and North American gypsy moths

Author

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• Garner, K.J.
• Slavicek, J.M.

Year Published

1996

Source

Insect Molecular Biology. 5(2): 81-91.

Abstract

The recent introduction of the Asian gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) into North America has necessitated the development of genetic markers to distinguish Asian moths from the established North American population, which originated in Europe. We used RAPD-PCR to identify a DNA length polymorphism that is diagnostic for the two moth strains. The polymorphism maps to an autosomal locus with codominant Mendelian inheritance. DNA sequence analyses of the Asian and North American forms enabled development of locus-specific primers so that this marker, designated FS-1, will be useful for strain identification under varying conditions in different laboratories.

Keywords

• gypsy moth
• Lymantria dispar
• RAPD-PCR
• sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR)

Citation

Garner, K.J.; Slavicek, J.M. 1996. Identification and characterization of a RAPD-PCR marker for distinguishing Asian and North American gypsy moths. Insect Molecular Biology. 5(2): 81-91.

Last updated on: September 9, 2010

For further details log on website :
https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/36160

Siberian forest insects: ready for export

Author

• Baranchikov, Yuri N.

Year Published

1998

Publication

In: Britton, Kerry O., ed. Exotic pests of eastern forests conference proceedings; 1997 April 8-10; Nashville, TN. U.S. Forest Service and Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council: 85-91.

Abstract

Existing publications on Palaearctic insect invaders to North America forests are devoted exclusively to Europe-U.S. comparisons. This is understandable from both geographical and historical points of view. But as the history of mankind continues, new economical relations are established which, unfortunately, make new possibilities for the introductions of pests. The recent discovery in New York of a cerambycid beetle Anoplophora glabripennis native to Asia and the well known "Asian Gypsy Moth Case" are the reminders that the forests of Northern and Northeastern Asia are an important source of exotic pests. The largest part of this region belongs to the Russian Federation.

Citation

Baranchikov, Yuri N. 1998. Siberian forest insects: ready for export. In: Britton, Kerry O., ed. Exotic pests of eastern forests conference proceedings; 1997 April 8-10; Nashville, TN. U.S. Forest Service and Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council: 85-91.

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/43203

Synchronous Crepuscular Flight of Female Asian Gypsy Moths: Relationships of Light Intensity and Ambient and Body Temperatures

Author

• William E.
• Wallner, William E.

Year Published

1999

Publication

Journal of Insect Behavoir. 12(4): 517-531.

Abstract

Female gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) of Asian heritage studied in central Siberia and Germany exhibit a highly synchronous flight at dusk, after light intensity falls to about 2 lux. This critical light intensity sets the timing of flight behaviors independent of ambient temperature. Flight follows several minutes of preflight wing fanning during which females in Germany and those from a laboratory colony (derived from Siberian stock) raised their thoracic temperatures to 32-33?C at ambient temperatures of 19-22?C. Thoracic temperature of females in free flight exceeded the air temperature (19-22?C) by approximately 11-13?C. The duration of wing fanning was strongly dependent on ambient temperature. In Germany, where ambient temperatures at dusk ranged between 21 and 25?C, females wing fanned for only 2.1 +/- 0.2 (SE) min; in the much colder temperatures prevalent at dusk in Bellyk, central Siberia (11-13"C), females spent 11.2 +/- 0.6 min in preflight wing fanning. The majority (+/<80%) of mated and even virgin females initiated flight during the evening of the day they eclosed. However, in Bellyk, a small proportion (12%) of females wing fanned for an extended time but then stopped, whereas others (8%) never wing fanned and, therefore, did not take flight. Females also were capable of flight when disturbed during the daylight hours in Germany where the maximal temperature was high (27-30?C), but not in Siberia, where temperatures peaked at only 17-19?C. However, Siberian females were able to propel themselves off the tree on which they were perched by executing several vigorous wing flicks when approached by the predaceous tettigoniid, Tettigonia caudata.

Keywords

• crepuscular flight: migratory flight: temperature effects
• light intensity: body temperature
• wing loading

Citation

Charlton, Ralph E.; Carde, Ring T.; Wallner, William E. 1999. Synchronous Crepuscular Flight of Female Asian Gypsy Moths: Relationships of Light Intensity and Ambient and Body Temperatures. Journal of Insect Behavoir. 12(4): 517-531.

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/8387

Female Flight Propensity and Capability in Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) from Russia, North America, and Their Reciprocal F1 Hybrids

Author 

• Keena, M.A.

Year Published

2001

Publication

Environmental Entomology. 30(2): 380-387.

Abstract

In the laboratory, the timing of both preflight and flight behaviors of the Asian strain of female gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L., was regulated primarily by light intensity. The shortest times to initiation of wing fanning and flight occurred at 0.1 lux, the lowest light intensity evaluated. A gradual decrease in light intensity, compared with an instantaneous decrease, prolonged time to flight. The highest percentage of female flight was observed at 0.1 lux. A higher percentage of females initiated flight when exposed to lower light intensities after the onset of normal scotophase rather than before scotophase. Virgin females were less likely to fly than mated females. Females fanned their wings longer at lower temperatures and when they were capable of only a gliding flight. Females that were flight-tested the same day they emerged tended to take longer to initiate flight than those 1-2 d old. At 0.1 lux, the majority of the Asian females, less than 2% of the F1 hybrid females, and none of the North American females exhibited strong, directed flight. Over half of the F1 hybrids glided for a few meters while flapping their wings, whereas none of the North American females exhibited even this level of flight. Thus, female flight capability will be reduced when flighted and nonflighted forms initially hybridize.

Keywords

• Lymantria dispar
• gypsy moth
• female flight propensity
• hybrids
• migration
• rhythm
• Asian gypsy moth

Citation

Keena, M.A. 2001. Female Flight Propensity and Capability in Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) from Russia, North America, and Their Reciprocal F1 Hybrids. Environmental Entomology. 30(2): 380-387.

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/8381

Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2003

Author

• Gottschalk, Kurt W., ed. ed.

Year Published

2004

Publication

2003 January 14-17; Annapolis, MD. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-315. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 78 p.

Abstract

Contains 56 abstracts and papers of oral and poster presentations on gypsy moth and other invasive species biology, molecular biology, ecology, impacts, and management presented at the annual U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research Forum on Gypsy Moth and Other Invasive Species.

Keywords

• Asian gypsy moth
• Siberian moth
• brown marmorated stink bug
• Puccinia jaceae
• Asian longhorned beetles
• browntail moth
• entomopathogenic nematodes
• sudden oak death
• emerald ash borer
• ambrosia beetles

Citation

Gottschalk, Kurt W., ed. 2004. Proceedings, U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2003. 2003 January 14-17; Annapolis, MD. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-315. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 78 p.

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/6661

Virulence and fitness of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in its host Lyrnantria dispar, for pathogen and host strains originating from Asia, Europe, and North America

Author

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• Nielsen, Charlotte
• Keena, Melody
• Hajek, Ann E.

Year Published

2005

Publication

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 89: 232-242.

Abstract

In this study, we tested (1) whether non-North American gypsy moth strains are susceptible to North American isolates of Entomophaga maimaiga and (2) the potential for erosion in the efficacy of E. maimaiga in controlling gypsy moth. We used bioassays to assess the variability in virulence (measured as time to death) as well as fitness of the pathogen (measured as spore production) in four gypsy strains challenged with six E. maimaiga isolates, using host and pathogen strains originating from Asia, Europe, and North America. We found that all E. maimaiga isolates tested were pathogenic to all strains of Lyrnantria dispar, regardless of the geographical origin of the fungal isolate, with at least 86% mortality for all combinations of fungal isolate and gypsy moth strain. We therefore conclude that Asian gypsy moths are susceptible to North American strains of E. maimaiga. No significant interactions between fungal isolates and gypsy moth strains with regard to time to death were found, indicating that each fungal isolate had the same overall effect on all the gypsy moth strains tested. However, fungal isolates differed significantly with regard to virulence, with a Russian isolate being the slowest to kill gypsy moth (5.1 +/- 0.1 days) and a Japanese isolate being the overall fastest to kill its host (4.0 +/- 0.1 days). Fungal isolates also differed in fitness, with variability in types of spores produced. These differences in virulence and fitness were, however, not correlated with geographical origin of the fungal isolate. Gypsy moth strains had no or only little effect on fungal virulence and fitness. Based on our studies with laboratory-reared gypsy moth strains, erosion of successful control of gypsy moth by E. maimaiga seems unlikely.

Keywords

• Lymantria dispar
• Entomophaga maimaiga
• bioassays
• co-evolution
• virulence
• fitness

Citation

Nielsen, Charlotte; Keena, Melody; Hajek, Ann E. 2005. Virulence and fitness of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in its host Lyrnantria dispar, for pathogen and host strains originating from Asia, Europe, and North America. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 89: 232-242.

Last updated on: April 10, 2007

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/7705

Comparative biological activities of two nucleopolyhedrovirus preparations: Virin NSH and Gypchek (in Russian)

Author

• Bakhvalov, S.A.
• Martemyanov, V.V.
• Podgwaite, J.D.
• Podgwait, J.D.

Year Published

2005

Publication

Euroasian Entomological Journal. 4(3): 183-186.

Abstract

The biological activities of the viral preparations Virin NSH and Gypchek were determined for two Western Siberia populations (Tatarsk and Altai) and for one American (New Jersey) population of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. There were no significant differences in potency between the two preparations when tested against the Tatarsk population of L. dispar. Gypchek was significantly more active than Virin NSH against the New Jersey population of insects. The LD50 of Virin NSH for the Altai population of the herbivore was lower than the LD50 for the Tatarsk population. Both Virin NSH and Gypchek were more active against insects reared on artificial diet than those reared on foliage.

Keywords

• entomopathogenic viral preparations
• nucleopolyhedrovirus
• biological pest control
• Virin NSH
• Gypchek
• Asian gypsy moth

Citation

Bakhvalov, S.A.; Martemyanov, V.V.; Podgwait, J.D. 2005. Comparative biological activities of two nucleopolyhedrovirus preparations: Virin NSH and Gypchek (in Russian). Euroasian Entomological Journal. 4(3): 183-186.

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/7739

The Asian Gypsy Moth Situation in Mongolia

Author

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• Schaefer, Paul W.
• Tuulaikhuu, Baigal-Amar
• Goulden, Clyde E.
• Kira, Tatuo

Year Published

2005

Publication

In: Gottschalk, Kurt W., ed. Proceedings, XV U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2004; 2004 January 13-16; Annapolis, MD. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-332. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 71.

Abstract

Citation

Schaefer, Paul W.; Tuulaikhuu, Baigal-Amar; Goulden, Clyde E.; Kira, Tatuo 2005. The Asian Gypsy Moth Situation in Mongolia. In: Gottschalk, Kurt W., ed. Proceedings, XV U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2004; 2004 January 13-16; Annapolis, MD. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-332. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 71.

Last updated on: April 9, 2007

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/7502

Inheritance of female flight in Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Author

• Keena, M.A.
• Grinberg, P.S.
• Wallner, W.E.

Year Published

2007

Source

Environmental Entomology. 36(2): 484-494.

Abstract

A clinal female fight polymorphism exists in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, L., where female flight diminishes from east to west across Eurasia. A Russian population where females are capable of sustained ascending flight and a North American population with females incapable of flight were crossed: parentals, reciprocal F_1, hybrids, double reciprocal F₂ hybrids, and all possible backcrosses to both the parental lines were compared. Heritabilities were estimated using a threshold model, female offspring on female parent regressions, and joint-scaling analyses. Heritability of female flight capability measured using a free flight test was at least 0.60, and variation in wing size, muscle strength, and flight behaviors contributed to the flight polymorphism. Relative wing size varied continuously and had a heritability of 0.70. Environmental variation accounted for >90% of the variation in female pre?ight weight and relative flight muscle strength, as estimated by an inverted female's ability to right herself. Preflight walking behavior and early deposition of eggs were each inherited through a single gene with two co-dominant alleles. There was no evidence for sex-linkage or maternal effects in female flight capability or associated traits. Continued vigilance to exclude and eradicate introductions of strains capable of female flight in North America is warranted even in areas where no females fly, because some of the alleles needed for full flight capability may not be present in the North American populations, and some flight capability is maintained in the hybrids that could increase the rate of spread of L. dispar.

Keywords

• female flight propensity
• hybrids
• Lymantria dispar
• dispersal
• inheritance
• Asian gypsy moth

Citation

Keena, M.A.; Grinberg, P.S.; Wallner, W.E. 2007. Inheritance of female flight in Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Environmental Entomology. 36(2): 484-494.

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https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/520