Bioactivities of n-hexane fraction of Vateria copallifera and GC–MS analysis of its phytoconstituents

Published Date
Industrial Crops and Products
March 2017, Vol.97:87–92, doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.011

• Author 

• Saroopa P. Samaradivakara ^a,
• Radhika Samarasekera ^b,,
• L.M. Viranga Tillekeratne ^c,
• Shiroma M. Handunnetti ^a,
• O.V.D.S. Jagathpriya Weerasena ^a,
• William R. Taylor ^d,
• Qasim Alhadidi ^c,
• Zahoor A. Shah ^c,

• aInstitute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90, Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
• bIndustrial Technology Institute, 363, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka
• cDepartment of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
• dDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS 601, Toledo, OH 43606, USA

Received 1 August 2016. Revised 28 November 2016. Accepted 8 December 2016. Available online 13 December 2016. 

Highlights

• •
  Composition of n-hexane fraction of Vateria copallifera bark was identified for the first time by Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry.
• •
  N-Hexane fraction was found to be rich in hydrocarbon derivatives of undacane, decane and dodecane.
• •
  Cytotoxicity, neuroprotection, nitric oxide inhibition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were evaluated.
• •
  Results indicated that the n-hexane fraction possess promising neuroprotective activity but weak cytotoxic, nitric oxide inhibitory antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity.

Abstract

Vateria copallifera (Retz.) is an important timber source belonging to the family of Dipterocarpaceae, which is acknowledged as a plant family rich in a variety of bioactive chemical constituents. This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and the bioactivities of the non-polar n-hexane fraction obtained by dry column chromatography of the hexane extract of V. copallifera bark. n-Hexane fraction was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Cytotoxicity was measured by the MTT assay against HeLa, MCF7, HepG2, HCT116 and SK-Mel 5 cell lines. The neuroprotective effect of the n-hexane fraction was assessed by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) assay using PC12 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity was investigated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cells. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. Cholinesterase inhibitory activity was evaluated using acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory assays and protease inhibitory activity was evaluated by α-chymotrypsin and elastase enzyme inhibitory assays. Decane, dodecane, undecanes, naphthalene derivative, heptadecane, squalene, copaene and eicosane were identified as the major constituents (>2% peak area). The n-hexane fraction exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in the neuroprotective activity although it was not significant (p > 0.05) at the tested concentrations. Contradictorily, the n-hexane fraction treated microglia cells released significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of NO into the medium (>100%) compared to the control counterpart. However, further studies are needed to assess the neuroprotective activity and to determine the cause of the increase of NO. The n-hexane fraction showed no cytotoxicity, antioxidant, ChE, protease and GST enzyme inhibitory activity at the tested concentrations. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the analysis of the chemical composition and the bioactive potential of the non-polar n-hexane fraction obtained by chromatography of the hexane extract of V. copallifera bark.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

• Vateria copallifera
• GC–MS
• n-Hexane
• Bioactivities

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Fig. 2.

• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author.
  
  

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Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and thermal analysis of oil extracted from favela (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) seeds

Published Date
Industrial Crops and Products
March 2017, Vol.97:368–373, doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.045

• Author 

• Kátia Andressa Santos ^a,,
• Octávio Pessoa Aragão Filho ^a
• Caroline Mariana Aguiar ^b
• Maria Cristina Milinsk ^c
• Sílvio César Sampaio ^b
• Fernando Palú ^a
• Edson Antônio da Silva ^a

• aUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Centro de Engenharias e Ciências Exatas, Toledo, PR, Brazil
• bUniversidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
• cUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Engenharias e Exatas, Palotina, PR, Brazil

Received 10 November 2016. Revised 23 December 2016. Accepted 26 December 2016. Available online 4 January 2017.

Highlights

• •
  Characterization of favela seed oil obtained by Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane.
• •
  Linoleic and oleic acids were the main unsaturated fatty acids in favela oil.
• •
  Favela oil contains α-, γ- and δ-tocopherols and the phytosterol, β-sitosterol.
• •
  Phenolic compounds were found in the hydrophilic fraction of favela oil.
• •
  Favela oil presents high antioxidant activity and oxidative stability.

Abstract

Favela (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) is a plant native to the Brazilian Caatinga biome that is extremely tolerant to drought. Although favela has seeds that are rich in oil, being considered as a potential alternative for edible oil production, little information has been found regarding its characterization. In this context, this study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile of the oil extracted from favela seeds and its tocopherol, phytosterol and total phenolic contents. Moreover, its antioxidant potential and thermal and oxidative stability were also determined. The results showed that the seeds had 35.20% lipid, consisting mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, notably linoleic acid (54.39%) and oleic acid (20.13%). The α-, δ- and γ-tocopherols were present at 0.87, 3.15 and 15.09 mg 100 g_oil⁻¹, respectively. The phytosterol, β-sitosterol, was found at 127.98 mg 100 g_oil⁻¹, while phenolic compounds were detected at 23.88 mg gallic acid equivalent 100 g_oil⁻¹. The oil presented high antioxidant activity, decreasing DPPH radicals by 76.68%, which was equivalent to 3.83 mmol Trolox kg_oil⁻¹ by the ABTS assay. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the triglycerides started degrading at 188 °C. The oil showed high oxidative stability and an induction time of 265.3 min at 110 °C.

Keywords

Cnidoscolus quercifolius

Tocopherol

β-sitosterol

Antioxidant activity

Thermal stability

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Fig. 2.

 Table 4

Table 4.

• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author.
  
  

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Nontoxic oil preparation from Jatropha curcas L. seeds by an optimized methanol/n-hexane sequential extraction method

Published Date
Industrial Crops and Products
March 2017, Vol.97:308–315, doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.034

• Author 

• Yunyun He ^a,b,1
• Tong Peng ^a,b,1
• Yanfang Guo ^a,b
• Shushu Li ^a,b
• Yiran Guo ^c
• Lin Tang ^a,b
• Fang Chen ^a,b,,

• aKey Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
• bNational and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-oil Production and Application, Chengdu, PR China
• cThe School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, PR China

Received 1 October 2016. Revised 7 December 2016. Accepted 20 December 2016. Available online 31 December 2016. 

Highlights

• •
  A feasible methanol/n-hexane sequential extraction method for producing non-toxic oil from Jatropha curcas seeds is proposed with a high oil recovery.
• •
  The method uses whole Jatropha curcas seeds as the plant material.
• •
  The method utilizes response surface methodology to optimize the conditions of the first extraction step for phorbol esters.
• •
  Phorbol esters enriched fraction is obtained to the maximum by this method.
• •
  A rapid and sensitive detection method for phorbol esters content by ultra-performance liquid chromatography is proposed.

Abstract

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phorbol esters (PEs) from Jatropha curcas L. (JC) seed oil using methanol as the extraction solvent was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Jatropha curcas L. seed oil is an excellent feedstock for biodiesel production, in which the presence of major toxic factor (phorbol esters) has limited its industrial applications. The aim of this work is to prepare the nontoxic oil from Jatropha curcas L. whole seeds with the first phorbol esters removal step and the second oil extraction step. The Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize three key parameters in the first phorbol esters removal step including temperature (X₁, °C), extraction time (X₂, min) and liquid-to-solid ratio (X₃, mL:g) for achieving a high extraction efficiency and minimal energy consumption. Ultimately, the optimized conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 36°C, extraction time 52 min and liquid-to-solid ratio 5.78:1. Among these three parameters, temperature had the most significant effect on phorbol esters extraction efficiency followed by extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio. Maximum content of phorbol esters obtained were 0.33 mg/g Jatropha curcas L. seed in the first step and 89.20 ± 2.96% of seed oil could be recovered by n-hexane in the second step. A sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography method was also established to determine the phorbol esters content within 5 min, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 μg/g. Since the concentrations of phorbol esters were all below the limit of detection, most of the virtually phorbol ester-free (PE-free) oil was produced to extend the Jatropha biodiesel production chain for household chemicals, cosmetic or jet fuel preparation. Meanwhile, the phorbol esters enriched fraction (PEEF, 71.9 ± 0.3 mg/g) obtained from the first step can be utilized as value-added by-products in pharmaceutical and agro-pharmaceutical fields.

Keywords

Jatropha

UPLC

Phorbol esters

By-products

PE-free oil

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• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author at: College of life science, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, PR China.

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