Deciphering the complex architecture of an herb using micro-computed X-ray tomography, with an illustrated discussion on architectural diversity of herbs

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 186, Issue 2, 25 January 2018, Pages 145–157, https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box090

Author
Guillaume Chomicki, fls Yannick M Staedler Luc P R Bidel Christian Jay-AllemandJürg Schönenberger Susanne S Renner

Abstract

Differing from most animals, plants have an indeterminate body plan, allowing them to add new body parts throughout their lifetime. The realized modular construction of a plant is the result of endogenous processes and exogenous constraints. Plant architectural analysis provides a holistic approach to whole-plant development by disentangling endogenous processes from exogenous constraints. Such analyses have focused more on trees than herbs. We here report a rare growth form discovered in the tropical herb Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) using micro-computed X-ray tomography to understand organogenesis in the meristem. Seeds of C. asiatica germinate to give rise to an orthotropic monochasium (sympodium) with terminal inflorescences. A stolon subsequently emerges from the oldest leaf axils of the sympodium. The primary growth of stolons is indeterminate (monopodial), and they only bear scale leaves. The stolon not only produces new leafy sympodial shoots at each node but also an axillary inflorescence. To place this growth form in context, we illustrate all architectural models so far reported from herbs. Our study highlights the complexity of herb architectures and illustrates the use of a novel methodology to decipher plant branching modes.

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Phylogeography of Orinus (Poaceae), a dominant grass genus on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 186, Issue 2, 25 January 2018, Pages 202–223, https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box091

Author
Yu-Ping Liu Zhu-Mei Ren Aj Harris Paul M Peterson Jun Wen Xu Su

Abstract

To better understand the responses of arid-adapted, alpine plants to Quaternary climatic oscillations, we investigated the genetic variation and phylogeographic history of Orinus, an endemic genus of Poaceae comprising three species from the dry grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) in China. We measured the genetic variation of 476 individuals from 88 populations using three maternally inherited plastid DNA markers (matK, rbcL and psbA-trnH), the biparentally inherited nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). We found that the plastid DNA, nrITS and AFLPs show considerable, recent differentiation among the species. We detected 14 plastid haplotypes (H1–H14), of which only three were shared among all species, and 30 nrITS ribotypes (S1–S30), of which one (S10) was shared between two species, O. kokonoricus and O. intermedius, but absent in O. thoroldii. The nrITS types formed clades that were inconsistent with species boundaries. Based on these data, we propose and illustrate a complex hypothesis for the evolutionary history of Orinus involving lineage sorting and introgression, the latter of which may explain the shared S10 nrITS type. The AFLP results showed clades corresponding to current species delineation and suggest that lineage sorting in the genus is probably complete. We estimated the crown age of Orinus to be 2.85 (95% highest posterior density: 0.58–12.45) Mya (late Pliocene), and subsequent divergence occurred in the Quaternary. Early divergences were allopatric. More recently, Orinus probably underwent regional expansions corresponding to Quaternary climatic changes, especially glaciation, which is consistent with our divergence time estimates. These climatic changes could have facilitated the S10 event and other hybridization events. Our data also suggest that species of this small genus of grasses survived the Quaternary glacial period in the extremely adverse habitats of the QTP.

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Disentangling morphologically similar species of the Andean forest: integrating results from multivariate morphometric analyses, niche modelling and climatic space comparison in Kaunia (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae)

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 186, Issue 2, 25 January 2018, Pages 259–272, https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box092

Author
Jessica N Viera Barreto Patricio Pliscoff Mariano Donato Gisela Sancho, fls

Abstract

Six subtropical montane forest Kaunia spp. are remarkable for their superficial morphological similarity. We aim to explore different sources of data to clarify species delimitation in this complex of Kaunia. Morphological variation and environmental data of the species of the complex were assessed by USING MULTIVARIATE MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSES. We performed a species distribution modelling approach applying BIOMOD2. Morphological quantitative traits allowed discrimination of some species in the complex. These Kaunia spp. have statistically different potential distributions, although some similarities between species in terms of climatic space were found. The species with the most similar climatic space were K. saltensis and K. lasiophthalma. The biogeographical context that could have affected the distribution of these two species is discussed. The results of our integrative study confirm the discrimination of three species, K. lasiophthalma, K. rufescens and K. saltensis, but the other three, K. arbuscularis, K. longipetiolata and K. uber, are here regarded as a single entity.

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Genetic variability and population structure of Passiflora contracta, a bat-pollinated species from a fragmented rainforest

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 186, Issue 2, 25 January 2018, Pages 247–258, https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box094

Author
Caroline Turchetto Geraldo Mäder Ana Luiza R Cazé Loreta B Freitas

Abstract

We investigated the structure of genetic diversity in populations of Passiflora contracta across the range of the species in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest to understand better the impact of forest fragmentation on genetic structure. One hundred and ninety-eight samples were taken at 11 sites and genotyped using seven microsatellite loci. Complementary methods including F-statistics, analyses of molecular variance and clustering analyses were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure. Most of the genetic diversity was partitioned within populations, and c. 28% was due to differences among populations. The mean expected and observed heterozygosities were 0.65 and 0.48, respectively, with an F_IS of 0.27, suggesting high levels of inbreeding. Samples were sorted into two Bayesian groups, which were not associated with geographical distribution. Admixture levels varied between populations, but estimated migration levels were low, with less than one individual per generation migrating among populations. The mean genetic diversity of P. contracta was 0.66. Combined with previous studies, our results provide evidence that populations of P. contracta evolved under geographical, but not genetic, isolation. This pattern of genetic diversity is shared with other phylogenetically unrelated taxa associated with the Atlantic Forest that have similar life history traits and ecological attributes.

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Studies on the tropical marine fungi of Brunei

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 98, Issue 2, 1 October 1988, Pages 135–151, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1988.tb01700.x

Author
K. D. HYDE

Abstract

Driftwood, mangrove roots and branches, and seaweeds were examined for marine fungi from beaches, rocky shorelines, an artificial lake and mangrove stands. Ninety-five species, some new to science were recorded. This is the largest number of marine fungi reported from a single study. Our knowledge of the geographic distributions of these fungi has been extended. New and rare species are illustrated at the light microscope and SEM levels.

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