ALAT BERAT UNTUK PEMANENAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI (HTI)

EXCAVATOR GRAPPLE

Excavator adalah alat berat yang terdiri dari lengan (arm), boom (bahu), serta bucket(alat keruk) atau Grappel (alat cepit) dan digerakkan oleh tenaga hidrolis yang dimotori dengan mesin diesel dan berada diatas roda rantai ( trackshoe). Excavator merupakan alat berat paling serbaguna karena bisa menangani berbagai macam pekerjaan seperti pada kebanyakan perusahaan HTI dalam melakukan pemanenan kayu menggunakan alat excavator jenis grappel karena menggunakan jepit untuk menjepit kayu potongan dengan dibantu alat potong chainsaw . 

DELIMBER

Dipasang pada excavator hidrolik digunakan untuk menghilangkan cabang dari pohon yang ditebang pada industri HTI.

 HARVESTER 

Sebuah alat yang canggih dipasangkan pada excavator untuk digunakan pemanenan, harvester merupakan jenis alat berat untuk pengembangan HTI yang digunakan dalam pengerjaan penebangan cut-to-length,delimbing dan bucking pohon, yang membedakan excavator harvester ini pada attachment bisa cepit,tebang,potong,cincang dan kupas kayu.

FELLER BUNCHER 

Sebuah buncher penebang adalah jenis pemanen yang digunakan dalam penebangan, alat ini adalah alat dengan mesin bermotor yang dapat dengan cepat memotong dan mengumpulkan beberapa pohon.

Sebuah buncher penebangan terdiri dari dasar alat berat standar dengan perangkat 'pencengkeram pohon' dilengkapi dengan gergaji atau pemotong .

FORWARDER

Sebuah forwarder adalah kendaraan kehutanan yang membawa kayu hasil tebangan dari batang kayu misal:acasia/eucalyptus untuk penempatan pada pinggir jalan 

SKIDDER

Sebuah skidder adalah setiap jenis alat berat yang diguanakan dalam pengerjaan penebangan untuk menarik pohon yang telah dipotong dari hutan industri dalam proses yang disebut "meluncur/skidding", dimana beban diangkut  dari tempat pemotongan untuk ditempatkan di pinggir jalan.

SKIDDER CLAM-BUNK

Sebuah skidder clam-bunk adalah rahang hidrolik yang terbuka bagian atas untuk menahan beban pohon saat ekstraksi. Keuntungan jenis grapel ini biasanya muatan lebih banyak yang terletak diatas poros belakang.

SKIDDER LINE

Pada skidder kabel ada kabel/sling yang menjulur keluar dan melekat untuk menarik potongan kayu maka penderek menarik beban kearak skidder. Penderek memegang pohon sementara skidder menyeret kedaerah pendaratan. Alat ini kurang populer karena seseorang ( helper operator ) harus menarik tali winch untuk log dan menghubungkannya.

BULLDOZER

Alat dozer adalah jenis peralatan kontruksi bertipe tractor menggunakan track/rantai serta dilengkapi dengan pisau (dikenal dengan blade) yang terletak di depan. Bulldozer diaplikasikan untuk pekerjaan menggali, mendorong dan menarik material. Pada proses hutan industri digunakan untuk kegiatan kebersihan lahan tanpa bakar / land clearing, biasanya digunakan untuk wilayah darat, dewasa ini bulldozer tidak lagi digunakan untuk pembersihan areal setelah penebangan kayu dikarenakn menggerus top soil (lapisan tanah subur) jadi pada hutan industri bulldozer digunakan untuk infrastruktur jalan.

Semoga informasi mengenai jenis alat berat untuk proses pemanenan kayu HTI dapat bermanfaat dan berguna bagi pembaca. Terima kasih

Salam,
Forester






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Estimating welfare effects from supply shocks with dynamic factor demand models

Author

Adam J. Daigneault, Brent Sohngen and Sei Jin Kim

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 41-51

Abstract: This paper examines how the demand for commodities adjusts to supply shocks, and shows the importance of capturing this adjustment process when calculating welfare effects. A dynamic capital adjustment model for U.S. softwood stumpage markets is developed, and compared to a traditional lagged adjustment model. The results show that timber markets in the U.S. adjusted to the large supply shock of the late 1980's over a 5 to 8year period. Our short-run price elasticity estimates are similar to the existing literature, ranging from −0.002 to −0.253, although our estimates show that the demand is substantially more elastic in the long-run, with long-run elasticity estimates ranging from −0.134 to −0.506. If this adjustment in the demand function is taken into account when calculating welfare effects, the effects of the supply shock in timber markets of the late 1980's on consumer surplus declines by over 50% compared to the estimated effects when using the short-run model, and the total welfare effects decline by 37%.

Keywords: Dynamic adjustment; Environmental regulation; Price elasticity; Regional timber markets; Structural change; Stumpage demand (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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The use of knowledge in evidence-informed voluntary conservation of Finnish forests

Author

Anna Salomaa, Riikka Paloniemi, Teppo Hujala, Salla Rantala, Anni Arponen and Jari Niemelä

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 90-98

Abstract: Despite calls for evidence-based policies, the process of using evidence in forest conservation policy implementation has remained unclear. In this paper, we focus on voluntary conservation and investigate complex ways to use evidence in implementation of the Forest Biodiversity Programme METSO in Finland. Data were collected via nine focus group discussions involving a total of 59 forest conservation stakeholders. Through interpretative qualitative analysis, we found that forest owners' and forest advisers' awareness of the voluntary instrument and the smooth interplay of knowledge types are important factors in implementing voluntary conservation. Knowledge use should be locally bound for policy implementation to be effective. Social relationships enable integrating local knowledge. Forest owners, advisers, authorities and other actors interpret scientific and other knowledges (and simultaneously co-produce new knowledge) in practical action. We conclude that educating forest advisers, informing forest owners, and increasing collaboration can enhance evidence flows from research to practice.

Keywords: Conservation politics; Evidence-based policy; Forest biodiversity; Knowledge use; Policy implementation; Stakeholders (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Social preferences toward energy generation with woody biomass from public forests in Montana, USA

Author

Robert M. Campbell, Tyron J. Venn and Nathaniel M. Anderson

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 58-67

Abstract: In Montana, USA, there are substantial opportunities for mechanized thinning treatments on public forests to reduce the likelihood of severe and damaging wildfires and improve forest health. These treatments produce residues that can be used to generate renewable energy and displace fossil fuels. The choice modeling method is employed to examine the marginal willingness of Montanans' to pay (MWTP) for woody biomass energy produced from treatments in their public forests. The survey instrument elicited social preferences for important co-benefits and costs of woody biomass energy generation in Montana, namely the extent of healthy forests, the number of large wildfires, and local air quality. Positive and statistically significant MWTP is found for woody biomass energy generation, forest health and air quality. MWTP to avoid large wildfires is statistically insignificant. However, MWTP for woody biomass energy diminishes quickly, revealing that Montanans do not support public forestland management that produces more than double the current level of woody biomass harvested for energy generation. These findings can be used by policy makers and public land managers to estimate the social benefits of utilizing residues from public forest restoration or fuel treatment programs to generate energy.

Keywords: Renewable energy; Woody biomass; Choice modeling; Willingness to pay(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Local consequences of national policies - A spatial analysis of preferences for forest access reduction

Author

Anne Sofie Elberg Nielsen, Thomas Hedemark Lundhede and Jette Bredahl Jacobsen

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 68-77

Abstract: Stated preference studies eliciting welfare economic consequence of national policies, are often not considering the spatial variation in supply and demand. This spatial variation may however cause large distributional heterogeneity of policy changes. In this study, we use a choice experiment to test whether peoples' preferences for restrictions in forest access is influenced by spatial heterogeneity in local forest presence and quality conditions. Combining survey data with GIS information we assess the size of local forest cover, distance to nearest forest and forest quality indicators in a radius of 2.5km from respondent's residence. We demonstrate that a nationally framed policy implementing access reductions to protect wildlife may have heterogeneous welfare consequences which can be described by a general disutility for access reductions and dependency on local forest attributes. Further, geo referencing the residence of all invited respondents allows us to test whether forest cover, distance and other forest attributes are different between respondents and non-respondents. No evidence of self-selection is identified.

Keywords: Preference heterogeneity; WTP; Recreation; Spatial heterogeneity; Self-selection; Choice experiment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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To insure or not to insure? Analysis of foresters' willingness-to-pay for fire and storm insurance

Author

Philipp A. Sauter, Torsten B. Möllmann, Friederike Anastassiadis, Oliver Musshoff(oliver.musshoff@agr.uni-goettingen.de) and Bernhard Möhring

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 78-89

Abstract: Natural catastrophes in forests have become more damaging in recent years and are expected to further increase according to climate change scenarios. Currently, governmental measures mostly focus on providing financial support, such as direct payments, to forest owners after disasters. However, in the light of more weather extremes, this could lead to a heavier financial burden for national budgets. Therefore, the current financial support system has to be reconsidered with regard to privatizing foresters' risks. Insurance could play a key role, but in many countries forests are rarely insured. In order to explain insurance coverage, we analyzed foresters' preferences regarding fire and storm insurance, which are expressed as their willingness-to-pay (WTP). Therefore, we measured the risk attitude and conducted a discrete choice experiment with 137 German foresters, using various policy and forest enterprise scenarios. Our results show that most foresters have a very low WTP for insurance, and individual risk attitude was not of significant influence. The WTP was higher for fire than for storm insurance, presumably due to liquidity preservation motives. Policy programs involving unconditional support after disaster reduced the WTP. Instead, subsidized insurance premiums increased the WTP and thus, should be considered to establish an efficient insurance market.

Keywords: Standing timber insurance; Discrete choice experiment; Willingness-to-pay; Risk attitude; Policy programs (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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From REDD+ forests to green landscapes? Analyzing the emerging integrated landscape approach discourse in the UNFCCC

Author

Tobias Dan Nielsen

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 177-184

Abstract: This paper explores an emerging discourse at the UNFCCC level - the integrated landscape approach discourse, which brings new understandings of how to approach forests in a climate change nexus. Its proponents argue that forestry, agriculture and other land uses cannot be seen in isolation, but need to be integrated into a single management process. I apply argumentative discourse analysis (Hajer, 1995) to a series of documents, statements, observations and interviews to identify and analyze the power of this discourse in the UNFCCC and in particular on the reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) negotiations. The paper highlights the central arguments of its storylines, its main critique and identifies members of its discourse coalition. It also assesses its discursive power, and concludes that although storylines of the integrated landscape approach discourse may be well recognized in the UNFCCC, in particular at side-events (discourse structuration), it has yet to impose its logics and rationales in a profound way (discourse institutionalization).

Keywords: Integrated landscape approach; REDD+; UNFCCC; Climate change; Discourse analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Increasing forest utilization within Bhutan's forest conservation framework: The economic benefits of charcoal production

Author

Arndt Feuerbacher, Matthias Siebold, Ashit Chhetri, Christian Lippert and Klas Sander

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 99-111

Abstract: Bhutan is known for its rich natural resource endowments and strict conservation policy. With 70% forest cover, only 5% of the forest area is designated to commercial management. Recent analyses advocate for increasing forest utilization to decrease the country's dependence on imports of forest-based products, particularly charcoal, as a mean to diversify the national economy. This study examines how increasing the forest area under commercial management might allow for sustainable charcoal production in Bhutan. Using an optimization model, cost efficient locations of charcoal production sites were identified at subnational level. Simulation results show that at a discount rate of 12% charcoal production is profitable in eleven of the nineteen districts. Domestic charcoal production has the potential to offset up to 61% of charcoal imports, requiring an increase in utilized forest area from 5% to 15% of total forest area. Charcoal production would represent a high value-added activity, with an average value-added share of 50.8%. Transportation and labor costs have only minor effects on profitability, comprising 11.7% and 2.5% of output value, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analyses confirm the results that using a decentralized approach, Bhutan can increase commercial forest management without jeopardizing its highly acclaimed forest conservation agenda. Policy implications and areas of future research are briefly highlighted.

Keywords: Forest utilization; Forest conservation; Bhutan; Charcoal production; Optimization; Economic assessment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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The United States-Canada softwood lumber trade: An actual versus optimal export tax

Author

Rajan Parajuli, Sudipta Sarangi (ssarangi@vt.edu), Sun Joseph Chang and R. Carter Hill

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 112-119

Abstract: By developing a two-country two-stage game model, this study examines an optimal level of export tax under the framework of the 2006 United States (U.S.)-Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement (SLA 2006). The theoretical results suggest that marginal lumber production costs in Canada and U.S. lumber production capacity along with linear demand parameters determine an optimum rate of export tax on Canadian lumber exports to the U.S. The empirical estimation reveals that the monthly optimal export tax during the SLA 2006 period follows the actual export tax closely with a monthly rate ranging from −4% to 19%.

Keywords: Softwood lumber; Optimal export tax; Softwood Lumber Agreement 2006; Two-stage game (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: F12 F13 F18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Promoting harvesting stands connectivity and its economic implications in Brazilian forest plantations applying integer linear programming and simulated annealing

Author

Andrey Lessa Derci Augustynczik, Julio Eduardo Arce, Rasoul Yousefpour and Arinei Carlos Lindbeck da Silva

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 120-129

Abstract: The spatial allocation of harvesting activities is a challenging task for forest managers, given the complexity of coordinating operations and the great contribution of harvesting to the total cost of wood production. Traditionally, forest harvesting policies have intended to limit maximum clear-cut areas, leading to harvesting fragmentation, and have thus reduced interior forest habitat and negatively affected operational efficiency. Aiming to address this issue, the main goals of this study were i) to propose approaches to include harvesting connectivity into a forest planning model, and ii) to evaluate the impacts of enforcing connectivity on the economic outcomes of the forest. We applied two approaches for clustering forest harvesting: (i) a model based on the Minimum Spanning Tree problem for enforcing harvesting connectivity and (ii) a Simulated Annealing approach for simultaneous consideration of harvesting stands connectivity and wood flow. The optimization process could reduce the average harvesting radius from 4575.8 up to 2300.5m and increase the average area of harvesting blocks from 22.4 up to 157.4ha. However, this solution would marginally reduce the net present values (from 3.9% to 15.4%) compared to the base scenario, without the inclusion of connectivity requirements and depending on the level of enforced connectivity.

Keywords: Forest planning; Spatial modeling; Minimum spanning tree; Simulated annealing; Forest harvesting; Harvesting blocks (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Development narratives, notions of forest crisis, and boom of oil palm plantations in Indonesia

Author

Ari Susanti and Ahmad Maryudi

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 130-139

Abstract: Indonesia experienced massive deforestation in the last decades where rapid oil palm expansion has been considered as one of the main drivers. This article shows that the process of deforestation and the rapid oil palm expansion cannot be viewed in isolation from broader development contexts. Various actors at local, national, and global levels have used development narratives and poverty alleviation through various policies and institutional setting to create spaces and opportunities for oil palm development. These actors also deliberately created the notion of forest crisis by omitting the values of forest environmental services to justify forest conversion into oil palm plantations. These multiple factors shaped the speed and the direction of oil palm expansion in Indonesia. This rapid oil palm expansion in Indonesia has resulted in massive LUCC and serious environmental problems. Given these complexities, a single policy will not be sufficient when it comes to managing the consequences of rapid oil palm expansion in Indonesia.

Keywords: Indonesia; Development narratives; Forest crisis; Deforestation; Oil palm expansion (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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REDD+ research: Reviewing the literature, limitations and ways forward

Author

Richard S Mbatu

Forest Policy and Economics, 2016, vol. 73, issue C, pages 140-152

Abstract: This study analyzes articles of various research design methods such as case studies, survey studies, descriptive studies, exploratory studies, and historical studies, to determine research trends on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). The study investigates how REDD+ research has evolved over a nine-year period, from 2007 when the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conference of the Parties (COP13) agreed to adopt an international REDD mechanism, until 2015. The study found that even though there has been a significant increase in REDD+ research since 2007, there are variations in country and regional studies as well as significant gaps in the REDD+ literature. However, there is optimism that promising forthcoming research in the post-Paris Agreement era will cover the existing gaps in REDD+ literature.

Keywords: REDD+; Climate change; Forest policy; 4Is (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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