Antifungal activities of two essential oils used in the treatment of three commercial woods deteriorated by five common mold fungi

Published Date
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
January 2016, Vol.106:88–96, doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.10.010

Author 

Mohamed Z.M. Salem ^a,,

Yassin E. Zidan ^b

Maisa M.A. Mansour ^b

Nesrin M.N. El Hadidi ^b

Wael A.A. Abo Elgat ^c

aForestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

bConservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt

cHigh Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Alexandria, Egypt

Received 8 July 2015. Revised 17 September 2015. Accepted 13 October 2015. Available online 24 October 2015.

Highlights

• Three commercial woods inoculated with five molds and treated with two essential oils (EOs) were investigated.
• •
  EOs were applied to Pinus sylvestris, Pinus rigida and Fagus sylvatica woods by vapors method.
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  α-terpineol, borneol, fenchyl alcohol, and α-pinene were the major components P. rigida wood EO.
• •
  Eucalyptol, α-pinene, γ-terpinene, and terpinen-4-ol in Eucalyptus camaldulensisleaves EO.
• •
  P. rigida wood oil vapor provided significant reduction of mold growth on the wood surfaces than E. camaldulensis leaves EO.

Abstract 

In the past ten years natural extracts have been used as important potential applications to prevent mold growth on in-service wood. The growth of fungal hyphae of five common mold fungi (Alternaria alternata, Fusarium subglutinans, Chaetomium globosum, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma viride) on wood surface of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus rigida and Fagus sylvatica treated with the essential oil (EO) of P. rigida (wood) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (leaves) was visually estimated. EOs were applied by vapor method and the mold growth inhibition was measured. The chemical constituents of the EOs was analyzed by GC/MS, which referred to the presence of α-terpineol (34.49%), borneol (17.57%), and fenchyl alcohol (14.20%) as the major components in P. rigida wood oil, and eucalyptol (60.32%), α-pinene (13.65%), and γ-terpinene (8.77%) in E. camaldulensis leaves. Complete inhibition against the growth of A. alternata, F. subglutinans, C. globosum, and A. niger except of T. viride by applying P. rigida wood EO at 5000 ppm and complete growth with all the studied fungi except of C. globosum at 156.25 ppm was found. Good inhibitions against C. globosum at 5000 ppm and 156.25 ppm and no inhibition against A. nigerand T. viride and little inhibition against F. subglutinans at high concentration was found by the application of EO from E. camaldulensis leaves. These findings support the potential use of the EOs for wood protection against mold infestation for surface-treatment or fumigation of wood products.

Keywords

• Commercial woods
• Wood mold fungi
• Biodeterioration
• Antifungal activity
• Essential oils

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• ∗ 
  Corresponding author.

For further details log on website :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964830516300981

Tangible and intangible indicators of successful aboriginal tourism initiatives: A case study of two successful aboriginal tourism lodges in Northern Canada

Published Date
Tourism Management
April 2015, Vol.47:318–328, doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.011

Author 

• Raynald Harvey Lemelin ^,
• Rhonda Koster 
• Nicholina Youroukos 

• Lakehead University, Canada

Received 31 March 2014. Accepted 14 October 2014. Available online 7 November 2014. 

Highlights

• An international overview of Aboriginal tourism initiatives and Aboriginal entrepreneurship is provided.
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  Two Aboriginal ecolodges located in Northern Canada are compared.
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  Indicators of successes and evaluations of success are evaluated.
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  Success indicators should capture both tangible and intangible elements of Aboriginal tourism initiatives.
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  Lessons acquired from these case studies can be applied to other peripheral regions.

Abstract 

This article examines two successful Aboriginal-tourism initiatives in Northern Canada. First, we review the literature on successful tourism indicators; following this review, we provide a rationale for the development of our own indicators and their subsequent application to our case studies. The case studies include the Cree Village Eco Lodge in Northern Ontario and the Spirit Bear Lodge in British Columbia, Canada. Our framework focuses on both indicators for success and evaluations of success. The discussion and conclusion sections examine the value of developing success indicators that capture both tangible and intangible variables and standardizing case study descriptions. We also highlight how the lessons acquired from these case studies can be applied to Northern Canada specifically and peripheral regions generally.

Keywords

Aboriginal tourism

Entrepreneurship

Ecolodge

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Vitae

Dr. Raynald Harvey Lemelin is the Research Chair in Parks and Protected Areas and an Associate Professor in the School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism at Lakehead University. His research interests are parks management, last-chance tourism, aboriginal tourism, and wildlife tourism.

Dr. Rhonda Koster is the Director for the School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism at Lakehead University. Her research interests are rural tourism.

Nicholina Youroukos is a recent graduate of the MES-Nature-Based Recreation and Tourism Program offered through the School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks and Tourism at Lakehead University.

• ∗ 
  Corresponding author. School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks & Tourism, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada. Tel.: +1 807 343 8745; fax: +1 807 346 7836.

For further details log on website :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964830516300981

Evaluation of usage three natural extracts applied to three commercial wood species against five common molds

Published Date
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
May 2016, Vol.110:206–226, doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.03.028

Author 

Mohamed Z.M. Salem ^a,,

Yassin E. Zidan ^b

Nesrin M.N. El Hadidi ^b

Maisa M.A. Mansour ^b

Wael A.A. Abo Elgat ^c

aForestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

bConservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt

cHigh Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Alexandria, Egypt

Received 30 January 2016. Revised 31 March 2016. Accepted 31 March 2016. Available online 8 April 2016.

Highlights

• We applied three natural extracts to Pinus sylvestris, Pinus rigida and Fagus sylvatica woods by immersion method.
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  We used molds Alternaria alternata, Fusarium subglutinans, Chaetomium globosum, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma viride.
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  We used extracts of P. rigida (heartwood), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (leaves) and Costus speciosus (rhizomes).
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  Methanol extract of P. rigida heartwood provided significant inhibition to mold growth on the wood surfaces.

Abstract 

Natural extracts have become of high interest in the past ten years for their inhibiting the growth of molds over wood and wood products surfaces in service or during the storage of building materials. In the present study, the antifungal effects of three natural extracts applied to three woods against five common molds were assessed. The growth of fungal hyphae of Alternaria alternata, Fusarium subglutinans, Chaetomium globosum, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma viride on the surfaces of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus rigida and Fagus sylvatica woods treated with extracts of Pinus rigida (heartwood), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (leaves) and Costus speciosus(rhizomes) was visually estimated. GC/MS and FTIR analyses were used to identify the chemical constituents and the functional groups of extracts. α-terpineol (24.91%), borneol (10.95%), terpin hydrate (9.60%), D-fenchyl alcohol (5.99%), and limonene glycol (5.05%), which are the main constituents of P. rigida heartwood methanol extract. The main chemical compounds of methanol extract from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves were spathulenol (18.89%), cryptone (5.79%), 4,6,6-trimethyl-2-(3-methylbuta-1,3-dienyl)-3-oxatricyclo[5.1.0.0(2,4)]octane (5.79%), (3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-(E)-acetaldehyde (5.57%), and ascaridole (4.32%). The main constituents identified in the distilled water extract from Costus speciosusrhizomes were meso-erythritol (12.21%), methyl-2-methyl-1,3-oxothiolan-2-yl-ketone (11.61%), (all-Z)-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid-methyl ester (9.74%), diosgenin (5.07%), 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (4.43%), 3′,4′,7-trimethylquercetin (3.17%), and digitoxin (2.77%). Wood specimens treated at the level of 2% concentration of P. rigida heartwood extract observed good inhibition to the mold growth under laboratory conditions. These findings support the potential use of natural extracts for natural wood protection against mold infestation for surface treatment of wood. The results indicate that wood extracts may be useful for reducing the incidence of mold on wood products, but none of the materials evaluated completely inhibited the test fungi. These extracts may provide a useful value-added application for by-products of lumber production from these species.

Keywords

• Biodeterioration
• Natural extracts
• Commercial woods
• Molds
• Antifungal activity

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• ∗ 
  Corresponding author.
  
  

For further details log on website :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14476770/19