Composite Panels Manufactured from Bamboo and Rice Straw

Principle Investigator: Dr. Salim Hiziroglu

Other participants: Songklod Jarusombuti, Department of Forest Products,Kasetsart University Vallayuth Fueangvivat , Piyawade Bauchongkol, Worakit Soontonbura, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand

Funded by: Agricultural Experimental Station Kasetsart University and Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand, and FAPC.

This study investigated some of the important properties of particleboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF) manufactured from non-wood underutilized species, bamboo and rice straw in Thailand. Various type of experimental panels were manufactured using different ratios of both types of raw material. Rice straw did adversely influenced panels properties. However addition of low amount of rice straw in all panels did not substantially reduced both mechanical and physical properties of the samples. Panel made from 100% bamboo resulted in the highest values. Currently sandwich type panels, having thin layers of fiber on the faces and particles in the core of the samples are being manufactured.
Rice Harvesting	Bamboo Plantation
Fiberboard panel manufacturing process

For further details log on website :
http://nrem-old.okstate.edu/faculty/researchlabs/Hiziroglu/Bamboo%20Panels/BambooPanels.html

Surface Characteristics of Japanese Wood Composite Panels

Principle Investigator: Dr. Salim Hiziroglu

Other participants: Dr. Shigehiko Suzuki
Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Japan

Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
and Agricultural Experimental Station.

This study investigated surface characteristics of commercially manufactured particleboard and fiberboard panels before and after they overlaid with melamine impregnated papers. Overlaid samples exposed to 55% and 93% relative humidity and their surface roughness was evaluated using a stylus type equipment. Significant difference between roughness of the samples at initial condition and 93% relative humidity was determined. Janka hardness of the samples exposed to two humidity levels also resulted in significant difference from each other.

	Overlaying Process
Average Values of roughness parameters
Typical roughness profiles of the samples

For further details log on website :
http://nrem-old.okstate.edu/faculty/researchlabs/Hiziroglu/Japan/JapanesePanels.htm

Resistance of Eastern Redcedar Panels to Damage by Termites

Principal Investigator : Dr. Salim Hiziroglu

Other participants: Dr. Brad Kard, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology
Dr. Mark E. Payton, Department of Statistics
Funded by : Agricultural Experimental Station and FAPC.

This study investigated resistance of experimental particleboard panels manufactured from eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) to feeding by the wood destroying eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar).Eastern redcedar panels with and without foliage were exposed to foraging termites. Particles and blocks sustained some damage by feeding termites but were not equally preferred. In choice test were all particles and panels plus control samples were simultaneously available to foraging termites, radiate pine sustained 44.6% weight loss compared with 2.1 to 6.1 % weight loss for particle and blocks. It appears that redcedar panels tested exhibited moderate resistance against termite damage.

FORAGING SUBSTRATE STERILIZED SAND AND VERMICULATE (10:1 RATIO) STERILE DEIONIZED WATER WAS ADDED  350 ml/1,000 g DRY MIX.
Testing of Termite Survival

For further details logo website:
http://nrem-old.okstate.edu/faculty/researchlabs/Hiziroglu/Termites/redcedar%20termites.htm

Structural Composite Panel Manufactured from Eastern Redcedar

Principle Investigator: Dr. Salim Hiziroglu

Funded by: Agricultural Experimental Station and FAPC.

This study addresses to use low quality eastern redcedar trees to manufacture structural panels. Laboratory type flaker at Forest Product Laboratory, Louisiana State University was employed to produce strands from 6 in long eastern redcedar sections. Initially experimental panels having strands with random distribution were manufactured. Physical and mechanical properties of the samples will be evaluated. In the second part of the study oriented strandboard panels will be produced and their properties will be tested.

Raw Materials	Flaking Process (Louisiana State University, Forest Products Development Center)
Stranding Process	Randomly Oriented Strandboard Forming Box
Unpressed Mat	Pressing of the Panel
Strandboard samples

For further detail slog on website :
http://nrem-old.okstate.edu/faculty/researchlabs/Hiziroglu/Redcedar%20panels/ERC%20panels.htm

Value-added Composite Panels Manufactured from Under-utilized Species in Oklahoma

Principle Investigator : Dr. Salim Hiziroglu

Funded by: Agricultural Experimental Station and FAPC.

Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) , mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and osage orange (Maclura pomifera) are some of the under-utilized invasive species in Oklahoma. Currently they have very limited uses, such as shelterbelt, wind break, and fence post. This study investigated some of the important properties of experimental panels made from particles of three species and their mixture of 50 %-50% ratio. Whole-tree chipped material was used to manufacture the panels. The samples were tested for mechanical strength and physical stability properties according to the procedures defined by ASTM D-1037. Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of the panels made from 100% eastern redcedar resulted in the highest bending among four types of panels. Thickness swelling of the samples ranged from 11% to 20%. All panels yielded adequate bending strength, stiffness, and internal bond strength. Based on the findings in this study, it appears that whole-tree chipped particles of three species can be used to manufacture value-added panels without having any adverse influence on panel properties.

Eastern redcedar invasion	Eastern redcedar logs
Harvesting of Osage Orange
Pressed panel	3-layer unpressed mat
Bending test set-up	Internal bond strength test set-up

For further details log on website :
http://nrem-old.okstate.edu/faculty/researchlabs/Hiziroglu/Underutilized/underutspp.htm

Value-added Wood Composite Laboratory

The Value-added Wood Composite Laboratory is located in Room 236 at the Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center (www.fapc.biz), Oklahoma State University. The laboratory is used to develop various types of wood composite panels such as particleboard and fiberboard, primarily from under-utilized species in Oklahoma and mid-south region and evaluate their physical and mechanical properties. For further information please contact: Salim Hiziroglu Professor 303-G Agricultural Hall Department of Natural Resource Ecology & Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-6013   Phone : (405) 744-5445 Fax: (405) 744-3530 E-mail: salim.hiziroglu@okstate.edu
	Dr. Salim Hiziroglu
Rotary-type resin mixing drum with spray gun	Particleboard forming box
Unpressed mat	Hot press with 24 in by 24 in (60.9 cm by 60.9 cm) platen size and 900 psi (6,201) kPa platen pressure capacity
Unpressed mat	Pressing process
Pressed panel	Fiberboard forming box
Hand operated hot press with 6 in by 6 in (15.2 cm by 15.2 cm) platen size and 400 psi (2,756kPa) platen pressure capacity	ComTen testing system with 2,000 lb loadcell capacity
Hotplate to prepare internal bond strength samples	Portable stylus type surface profilometer
	Tablesaw
Stereomicroscope

For further details log on website :
http://nrem-old.okstate.edu/faculty/researchlabs/Hiziroglu/WoodCompLab/WoodCompLab.htm

A COMPATIBLE ESTIMATION MODEL OF STEM VOLUME AND TAPER FOR Acacia mangium Willd. PLANTATIONS

Author

Haruni Krisnawati

Abstract

This study describes the establishment of  a compatible volume estimation model for Acacia mangium Willd on the basis of  279 felled sample trees collected from the A. mangium plantation stands in South Sumatra, Indonesia. The model comprises of  a total volume model and a stem taper model, which is compatible in the sense of  the total volume obtained by integration of  the taper model being equal to that computed by the total volume model. Several well-known total volume functions were evaluated including constant form factor, combined variable, generalized combine variable, logarithmic, generalized logarithmic and Honer transformed variables. A logarithmic model was determined to be the best and was then used as the basis for deriving the taper model. Appropriate statistical procedures were used in model fitting to account for the problems of  heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation that are associated with the construction of  volume and taper functions. The simultaneous fitting method of  the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) improved the parameter estimates and goodness-of-fit statistics while ensuring numeric consistency among the component models and reducing the total squared error obtained by an independent fitting method. The developed model can be used to estimate total stem volume, merchantable volume to any merchantability diameter limit at any height, and (possibly) height of  any diameter based on only easily measurable parameters such as diameter at breast height and total tree height for the species analysed.

Keywords

Acacia mangium, Indonesia, compatible volume, taper

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdul-Kader, R., & Sahri, M. H. (1993). Properties and utilization. In K. Awang & D. Taylor (Eds.), Acacia mangium: Growing and utilization (pp. 225–241). Bangkok: Winrock International and FAO.

Bi, H. (1999). Predicting stem volume to any height limit for native tree species in southern New South Wales and Victoria. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science, 29, 318–331.

Bi, H., & Hamilton, F. (1998). Stem volume equations for native tree species in southern New South Wales and Victoria. Australian Forestry, 61, 275–286.

Burkhart, H. E., & Sprinz, P. T. (1984). Compatible cubic volume and basal area projection equations for thinned old-field loblolly pine plantations. Forest Science, 30, 86–93.

Bustomi, S. (1988). Tabel isi pohon lokal Acacia mangium Willd. untuk daerah Balikpapan Kalimantan Timur. Buletin Penelitian Hutan, 495, 31–38.

Byrne, J. C., & Reed, D. D. (1986). Complex compatible taper and volume estimation systems for red and loblolly pine. Forest Science, 32, 423–443.

Cecilia, R. C., Mason, E. G., Woollons, R., & Resquin, F. (2014). Volume and taper equations for P. taeda (L.) and E. grandis (Hill ex. Maiden). Agrociencia Uruguay, 18, 47–60.

Clutter, J. L. (1980). Development of taper functions from variable-top merchantable volume equations. Forest Science, 26, 117–120.

Clutter, J. L., Fortson, J. C., Pienaar, L. V, Brister, G. H., & Bailey, R. L. (1983). Timber management: A quantitative approach. New York: Wiley.

Corral-Rivas, J. J., Diéguez-Aranda, U., Rivas, S. C., & Dorado, F. C. (2007). A merchantable volume system for major pine species in El Salto, Durango (Mexico). Forest Ecology and Management, 238, 118–129.

Demaerschalk, J. P. (1973). Integrated systems for the estimation of tree taper and volume. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 3, 90–94.

Dieguez-Aranda, U., Castedo-Dorado, F., AlvarezGonzalez, J. G., & Rojo, A. (2006). Compatible taper function for Scots pine plantations in north western Spain. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 36, 1190 1205.

Fang, Z., & Bailey, R. L. (1999). Compatible volume and taper models with coefficients for tropical species on Hainan Island in Southern China. Forest Science, 45, 85–100.

Fang, Z., Borders, B. E., & Bailey, R. L. (2000). Compatible volume-taper models for loblolly pine and slash pine based on a system with segmented-stem form factors. Forest Science, 46, 1–12.

Furnival, G. M. (1961). An index for comparing equations used in constructing volume tables. Forest Science, 7, 337–341.

Harbagung, & Krisnawati, H. (2009). Stem taper model for Khaya anthoteca C.DC. plantation in Pasirhantap Experimental Forest, Sukabumi, West Java (in Indonesian with English abstract). Forest and Natural Conservation Research Journal, 6(1), 13–24.

Hardiyanto, E. B., Anshori, S., & Sulistyono, D. (2004). Early results of site management in Acacia mangium plantations at PT. Musi Hutan Persada, South Sumatra, Indonesia. In E. K. S. Nambiar, J. Ranger, A. Tiarks, & T. Toma (Eds.), Site Management and Productivity in Tropical Plantation Forests (pp. 93–108). Bogor: CIFOR.

Huang, S. (1999). Ecoregion-based individual tree height-diameter models for lodgepole pine in Alberta. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 14, 186–193.

Husch, B., Beers, T. W., & Kershaw, J. A. (2003). Forest mensuration. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Jiang, L., Brooks, J. R., & Wang, J. (2005). Compatible taper and volume equations for yellow-poplar in West Virginia. Forest Ecology and Management, 213, 399–409.

Judge, G. G., Hill, R. C., Griffiths, W. E., Lütkepohl, H., & Lee, T. C. (1988). Introduction to the theory and practice of econometrics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Kozak, A. (2004). My last words on taper functions. The Forestry Chronicle, 80, 507–515. Kozak, A., & Smith, J. H. G. (1993). Standards for evaluating taper estimating systems. The Forestry Chronicle, 69, 438–444.

Krisnawati, H., & Bustomi, S. (2004). Clearbole volume estimation model for sungkai (Peronema canescens) in the Forest District of Banten. Forest Research Bulletin, 644, 39–50.

Krisnawati, H., Kallio, M., & Kanninen, M. (2011). Acacia mangium Willd.: Ecology, silviculture and productivity. Bogor: CIFOR.

Krisnawati, H., & Wahjono, D. (2003). The use taper model for estimating tree stem volume of matoa (Pometia pinnata Forst.) in Halmahera, Maluku. Forest Research Bulletin, 637, 11–24.

Krisnawati, H., Wahjono, D., & Iriantono, D. (1997). Tree volume table and stem taper of Acacia mangium Willd. in Parungpanjang Seed Orchard, Bogor, West Java. Seed Technology Bulletin, 4, 12–27.

Li, R., & Weiskittel, A. R. (2010). Comparison of model forms forestimating stem taper and volume in the primary coniferspecies of North American Acadian Region. Annals Forest Science, 67, 302–520.

Martin, A. J. (1984). Testing volume equation accuracy with water displacement. Forest Science, 30, 41–50.

Max, T. A., & Burkhart, H. E. (1976). Segmented polynomial regression applied to taper equations. Forest Science, 22, 283–289.

Mc Tague, J. P., & Bailey, R. L. (1986). Simultaneous total and merchantable volume equations and a compatible function for loblolly pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17, 87–92. Munro, D. D., &

Demaerschalk, J. (1974). Taperbased versus volume-based compatible estimating systems. The Forestry Chronicle, 50, 197–199. National Research Council. (1983). Mangium and other fast-growing acacias for the humid tropics. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.

Navar, J., & Rodriguez-Flores, F. J Dominguez Calleros, P. A. (2013). Taper functions and merchantable timber for temperate forests of northern Mexico. Annals of Forest Research, 56, 165–178.

O¨zçelik, R., & Brooks, J. R. (2012). Compatible volume and taper models for economically important tree species of Turkey. Annals of Forest Science, 69, 105–118.

Ratkowsky, D. A. (1990). Handbook of nonlinear regression. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.

Reed, D., & Green, E. (1984). Compatible stem taper and volume ratio equations. Forest Science, 30, 977–990.

Rojo, A., Perales, X., Sánchez-Rodríguez, F., Álvarez González, J. G., & Gadow, K.V. (2005). Stem taper functions for maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in Galicia (Northwestern Spain). European Journal of Forest Research, 124, 177– 186.

SAS Institute Inc. (2005). SAS/ETS User’s guide, version 9.1. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Sharma, M., & Zhang, S. Y. (2004). Variableexponent taper Equations for jack pine, black spruce, and balsam fir in eastern Canada. Forest Ecology and Management, 198, 39–53.

Snowdorn, P. (1991). A ratio estimator of bias correction in logarithmic regression. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21, 720–724.

Sumarna, K., & Bustomi, S. (1986). Local tree volume table of Acacia mangium Willd. for the region of Subanjeriji, South Sumatra. Forest Research Bulletin, 487, 41–49.

Teshome, T. (2005). A ratio approach for predicting stem merchantable volume and associated taper equations for Cupressus lusitanica, Ethiopia. Forest Ecology and Management, 204, 171–179.

Tewari, V. P., & Kumar, V. S. K. (2003). Volume equations and their validation for irrigated plantations of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in the hot desert of India. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 15, 136–146.

Wahjono, D., Krisnawati, H., & Bustomi, S. (1995). Local tee volume table of Acacia mangium in Labuhan Batu District, North Sumatra. Forest Research Bulletin, 589, 39–54.

Williams, M. S., & Gregoire, T. G. (1993). Estimating weights when fitting linear regression models for tree volume. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23, 1725–1731.

Williams, M. S., & Schreuder, H. T. (1996). Prediction of gross tree volume using regression models with non-normal error distributions. Forest Science, 42, 419–430.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.49-64

For further details log on website :
http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/641

IMPACTS, PATTERNS, INFLUENCING FACTORS AND POLICIES OF FUELWOOD EXTRACTION IN WAY KAMBAS NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA

Author

Ari Rakatama

Abstract

Uncontrolled fuelwood extraction from conservation forest of  Way Kambas National Park (WKNP) could threaten the existing forest. This paper studies the way to tackle the forest degradation in WKNP, with less negative impacts to the local people. Study was conducted by analysing existing data and maps of  WKNP in terms of forest degradation, forest inventories, current policies, survey on how fuelwood is extracted, observation on fuelwood gatherers, fuelwood demand, and identification of  further policy options. Results show that the most significant factors influencing the fuelwood extraction activity in WKNP are land ownership, followed  by the distance to forest area, income level, the number of  household members and age of  household head. In the field, the fuelwood utilization is allowed by WKNP Authority, although it is formally forbidden.It was stated that fuelwood extraction in the area should be less than 2.89 ton/ha/year to maintain its sustainability, based on the mean WNKP forest tree annual increment. The fact shows that fuelwood extraction in WKNP reduces of  forest biomass stock (1.06 tons/ha/year) and decreases species diversity index (from 3.05 to 2.45), species evenness index (from 1.06 to 0.91) and old-young tree ratio (from 1.29 to 1). Ecosystem quality reduction is mainly caused by destructive techniques in extracting fuelwood such as slashing, scratching cambium, and cutting trees. Therefore, recommended policy includes legalizing fuelwood extraction with restrictions, providing alternative fuelwood and other biomass energy resources outside WKNP, conducting preventive (establishing checkpoints and increasing patrols) and pre-emptive (educating and campaigning) efforts, collaborating  with other stakeholders, and empowering local economy.

Keywords

fuel-wood; national park; forest extraction; deforestation; rural energy

Full Text:

PDF

References

Arnold, M., Köhlin, G., Persson, R., & Shepherd, G. (2003). Fuelwood revisited: what has changed in the last decade?. Occasional Paper No. 39. Bogor : Center for International Forestry Research.

Black, K. (2008). Business statistics for contemporarydecision making. (5th Edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Broadhead, J., Bahdon, J., & Whiteman, A. (2001). Wood-fuel consumption modelling and results. (Annex 2) in Past Trends and Future Prospects for the Utilization of Wood for Energy (No. GFPOS/WP/05). Rome.

Brown, G., Tolsma, A., Murphy, S., Miehs, A., McNabb, E., & York, A. (2010). Ecological impacts of firewood collection - A literature review to inform firewood management on public land in Victoria. Melbourne: Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment.

Brown, S., Gillespie, A. J. R., & Lugo, A. E. (1989). Biomass estimation methods for tropical forests with applications to forest inventory data. Forest Science, 35, 881–902.

Chanal, M. (2012). How is 100 % renewable energy possible in South Korea by 2020? (pp. 1–33). Global Energy Network Institute.

Cresswell, J. (1994). Research design qualitative quantitative and mixed methods approaches. London: Sage. (pp. 3–26). doi:10.3109/08941 939.2012.723954

Department of Forestry. (2005). Fuelwood consumption 2002 – 2004. Jakarta: Centre for Forestry Planning and Statistics, Forestry Planning Agency.

Forestry Act No 41 (1999). Republic of Indonesia.

Goverment Regulation No 28: Management of Nature Reserve Areas and Nature Conservation Areas (2011). Republic of Indonesia.

Johannesen, A. B. (2006). Designing Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs): Illegal hunting, Wildlife Conservation, and the Welfare of the Local People. Environment and Development Economics, 11, 247–267.

Lampung Timur’s Bureau of Statistics. (2010). Labuhan Ratu in numbers 2009/2010. Sukadana: Lampung Timur’s Bureau of Statistics. Ludwig, J. A., & Reynolds, J. F. (1988). Statistical ecology : A premier of methods and computing. New York: Wiley Press.

Magurran, A. E. (1988). Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Mathews, E. (2009). Undying flame: the continuing demand for wood as fuel. World Resource Institute. Retrieved from http://earthtrends. wri.org/text/ energyresources/feature-3.html [01/11/2011]

Mehta, V. K., Sullivan, P. J., Walter, M. ., Krishnaswamy, J., & DeGloria, S. D. (2008). Ecosystem impacts of disturbance in a dry tropical forest in Southern India. Ecohydrol, 1, 149–160.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2002). World energy outlook.

Sankaran, M., & McNaughton, S. J. (2005). Terrestrial Plant-herbivore interactions: Integrating across multiple determinants and trophic levels. In M. E (Ed.), Vegetation ecology (pp. 265–285). Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing.

Simon, H. (1999). Pengelolaan hutan bersama masyarakat. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Skutsch, M., & Ghilardi, A. (2008). Energy Access In REDD: Prospects for socially responsible woodfuel 46 interventions. Centro de Investigacionesen Geografía Ambiental. Morelia, Mexico: UNAM.

Verhoest, C., & Ryckmans, Y. (2012). Industrial wood pellets report. Laborelec, PellCert, and Intelegent Energy Europe.

Verplanke, J. J., & Zahabu, E. (2009). A field guide for assessing and monitoring reduced forest degradation and carbon sequestration by local communities. Project team KYOTO: Think Global, Act Local (K: TGAL), Department of Technology and Sustainable Development, University of Twente.

Verschuren, P., & Doorewaard, H. (2010). Designing a research project. 2nd Ed. Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

WKNP Authority. (2011). Management plan of forest rehabilitation in WKNP 2012-2016. Labuhan Ratu: WKNP Authority.

Yamane, T. (1967). Elementary sampling theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc..

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.33-47

For further details log on website :
http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/1563

EARLY GROWTH AND STAND VOLUME PRODUCTIVITY OF SELECTED CLONES OF Eucalyptus pellita

Author

Teguh Setyaji, Sri Sunarti, Arif Nirsatmanto

Abstract

Using current technologies, several forest plantation companies in Indonesia are pursuing clonal forestry program with E. pellita to increase plantation productivity using selected clones. This paper evaluates the early growth and stand volume productivity of  selected clones of  E. pellita as part of  a breeding program for pulpwood.  Two clonal trials of  E. pellita were established in Central Java with two different plot configurations: single tree-plot and multiple tree-plot. Trial evaluation was done at two years age involving tree height, diameter, stem volume and stand volume. Result show that among the clones there were significant differences for all traits assessed. All of  the tested clones exceeded the control seedling of  F-1 generation by 9-50% for height, 10-36% for diameter and 22-137% for stem volume, respectively. Clonal repeatability ranged from 0.7-0.9, with corresponding individual ramet repeatability ranged from 0.2-0.4.  Overall stand volume productivity at given age reached 15 m³/ha.

Keywords

Eucalyptus pellita; clone; clonal forestry; growth; stand volume

Full Text:

PDF

References

Borralho, N. M. G., Almeida, I. M., & Cotterill, P.P. (1992). Genetic control of young Eucalyptus globulus clone in Portugal. Silvae Genetica, 41(2), 100–105.

De Assis, T. F., Rezende, G. D. S. P., & Aguiar, A. M. (2012). Current status of breeding and deployment for clonal forestry with tropical eucalypt hybrids in Brazil. Retrieved November 24, 2014, from http://www.celsofoelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo2012

Falconer, D. S. (1989). Introduction to quantitative genetics (Longman Sc.). New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Gonçalves, P. D. S., Silva, M. D. A., Regina, L., Gouvêa, L., Borracha, E. P. D. E., & Hevea, E. M. (2006). Genetic variability for girth growth and rubber yield in Hevea brasiliensis. Science Agriculture, 3(June), 246–254. doi:10.1590/ S0103-90162006000300006

Gwaze, D. P., Bridgwater, F. E., & Lowe, W. J. (2000). Performance of interspecific F1 eucalypt hybrids in Zimbabwe. Forest Genetics, 7(4), 295–303.

Hardiyanto, E. B. (2010a). Advanced tree improvement (Lecture Module). Yogyakarta: Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University.

Hardiyanto, E. B. (2010b). Intensive silviculture practice in Indinesia. In A. Rimbawanto, F. Febrianto, & E. T. Komar (Eds.), Proceedings of International Seminar Researcher on Plantation Forest Management: Challenges and Opportunities. (pp. 33–38). Center for Plantation Forest Research and Development, Bogor, Indonesia.

Hardiyanto, E. B., & Tridasa, A. M. (2000). Early performance. In Proceedings of QFRI/CRCSPF Symposium, Hybrid Breeding and Genetics of Forest Trees, 9-14 April 2000 (pp. 273–279).

Noosa. Queensland. Australia. Kartikaningtyas, D., & Yuliastuti, D. S. (2011). The Cutting technics of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. Informasi Teknis, 9(2). Yogyakarta: CFBTI.

Kien, N. D. (2009). Improvement of Eucalyptus plantation grown pulp production (Doctoral Thesis). Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala Libby, W. J., & Ahuja, M. R. (1992). The genetics of clones. In M. R. Ahuja & W. J. Libby.(Eds.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Quaile, D. R. (1988). Early growth performance of selected mondi clones. In G. L. Gibson, A. R. Griffin, & A. C. Matheson (Eds.), Proceeding Conference on Breeding Tropical Trees: Population Structure and Genetic Improvement Strategies in Clonal and Seedling Forestry.

Rufi’ie, Prihatini, A., Subarudi, & Fatmawati, I. S. (2005). The improvement technology of Acacia mangium. In Proceeding of Acacia mangium research seminar (pp. 1 – 6). Bogor: The Center of Social and Forest Policy Research.

Sachs, R. M., Lee, C., Ripperda, J., & Woodward, R. (1988). Selection and clonal propagation of eucalyptus. California Agriculture, 5, 27–31.

Sunarti, S. (2013). Breeding strategy of Acacia hybrid (A. mangium x A. auriculiformis). Gadjah Mada University.

Sunarti, S., Setyaji, T., Nirsatmanto, A., & Kartikaningtyas, D. (2011). General information of clonal test establishment of Acacia hybrid (A. mangium x A. auriculiformis) and Eucalyptus pellita in Wonogiri, Central Java (Fiscal year 2011). Yogyakarta: FTIP.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.27-32

For further details log on website :
http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/1578