International trade of different forest products in Ethiopia

Author

Shiferaw Alem

African Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, 2015, vol. 4, issue 4, pages 353-361

Abstract: Forest products play a big role in the national economy of Ethiopia. Despite this fact there is a lack of information on the import and export and the trade balance, which is important for policy formulation. Therefore, the objectives of this study paper were: 1) to evaluate the income generated from the export of different forest products and quantify the expenditure to import; 2) to assess the trade balance. The analysed result revealed that Ethiopia is mainly exporting gums and resins, eucalypts logs and raw bamboo while it imported timber, different processed bamboo products and gums and resins. From the export of different forest products the country earned on average US$11,982,658 year⁻¹. While, it spent on average US$12,145,587 year⁻¹ to import. Finally, it is concluded that: 1) instead of the country exporting raw forest products it has to add values, and export it, which could increase the sale price and the income of the country; 2) Ethiopia spent more money to import timber, and therefore attention has to be given on the expansion of timber plantation species in the country since it has a favourable climatic condition.

Keywords: bamboo; Ethiopia; eucalypts; expenditure; exports; gums; resins; imports; international trade; forest products; trade balance; value added; timber. (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Modelling critical patches of connectivity for invasive Maling bamboo (Yushania maling) in Darjeeling Himalayas using graph theoretic approach

Author

Arijit Roy, Sudeepto Bhattacharya, M. Ramprakash and A. Senthil Kumar

Ecological Modelling, 2016, vol. 329, issue C, pages 77-85

Abstract: Graph theoretic network approach has been used to model the potential connectivity of the natural areas in Darjeeling Himalayas which provide connectivity to the invasive species Maling bamboo(Yushania maling). Centrality indices are a tool for quantifying the intuitive notion of relative importance of the elements of a graph. The probability of connectivity (PC) index which takes into account the impact of functional connectivity among the patches like seed dispersal potential was used to identify the natural patches which can act as stepping stone for the spread of the invasive species. The potential niche map of Maling bamboo modelled using species niche model, MaxEnt have been used as the potential areas of its spread from the regions of its current infestations. An open source software (Confer) has been used to model the various graph indices in the spatial domain. Using areas weighted nodes (forest patches) the extent of connectivity among the various patches in the Darjeeling Himalayas have been computed to identify the critical patches responsible for the spread of Maling bamboo. It has been observed that 3 critical forest patches in the Darjeeling Himalaya Singalilla NP in the west, Senchal WLS in the central region and Neora Valley NP are the key vertices for the spread of Maling bamboo.

Keywords: Graph theory; Network connectivity; Invasive species; Modelling (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Bamboo sector reforms and the local economy of Linan County, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China

Author

Shashi Kant and Marian Chiu

Forest Policy and Economics, 2000, vol. 1, issue 3-4, pages 283-299

Date: 2000
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Enhancement in hydrogen generation using bamboo like TiO2 nanotubes fabricated by a modified two-step anodization technique

Author

S.T. Nishanthi, B. Sundarakannan, E. Subramanian and D. Pathinettam Padiyan

Renewable Energy, 2015, vol. 77, issue C, pages 300-307

Abstract: Bamboo like TiO2 nanotubes were successfully fabricated by a modified two-step anodization technique under different voltage and time. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra confirmed the anatase crystal phase of TiO2 nanotubes. Optical studies reveal that the band gaps of TiO2 nanotubes shrinked to 2.517(7) eV by varying the anodization parameters. The decrease in band gap was due to the improved crystallinity and the defect states formed in the forbidden gap. The photoluminescence spectra clearly revealed the formation of intermediate defect states, oxygen vacancies and color center defects. Bamboo like nanotubes exhibited higher photocurrent density than stack layered nanotubes due to the increase in crystallinity with higher surface area, enhanced light penetration depth and better scattering within the tubular structure. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes for methyl orange degradation followed pseudo first order kinetics.

Keywords: Band gap; Oxygen vacancy; Photoluminescence; Photocurrent density; Kinetic rate constant (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Biomass resources for energy in North-Eastern Brazil

Author

Pedro Anselmo Filho and Ossama Badr

Applied Energy, 2004, vol. 77, issue 1, pages 51-67

Abstract: Due to the high dependency on hydroelectric power generation, Brazil faced a power shortage in 2001. In order to remedy the situation and avoid more severe power crises in the future, the Brazilian Government launched incentive programmes to encourage thermal and renewable power generation. The Programme of Incentives to Alternative Sources (PROINFA) is mainly devoted to the utilisation of biomass. The success of PROINFA depends on the availability of reliable studies for assessing existing biomass resources and the viability of their utilisation for power generation. In this study, energy potentials of the main biomass resources in the north-eastern region of Brazil have been assessed. The economy of the north-eastern region of Brazil is heavily dependent on its sugar industry. Biomass available from sugarcane cultivation and processing represents an annual regional energy resource of 40.5 TWh at an average cost of US$ 0.005/kWh. Bamboo, cultivated as a dedicated energy crop, has the second largest annual energy potential of 30.8 TWh at an average cost of US$ 0.009/kWh. Municipal solid waste, generated in the region, has an annual energy potential of about 16.7 TWh.

Keywords: Biomass; Energy; generation; Sugarcane; bagasse; Bamboo; Black; liquor; MSW; Energy; crops; Process; wastes (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2004
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New Approach to Fuelization of Herbaceous Lignocelluloses through Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Followed by Photocatalytic Reforming

Author

Masahide Yasuda (yasuda@cc.miyazak-u.ac.jp), Ryo Kurogi(tb14010@student.miyazaki-u.ac.jp), Hikaru Tsumagari(tb11020@student.miyazaki-u.ac.jp), Tsutomu Shiragami(t0g109u@cc.miyazak-u.ac.jp) and Tomoko Matsumoto (t-matsu@cc.miyazak-u.ac.jp)
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Energies, 2014, vol. 7, issue 7, pages 4087

Abstract: Bio-fuelization of herbaceous lignocelluloses through a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF) and photocatalytic reforming (photo-Reform) was examined. The SSF of the alkali-pretreated bamboo, rice straw, and silvergrass was performed in an acetate buffer (pH 5.0) using cellulase, xylanase, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 34 °C. Ethanol was produced in 63%–85% yields, while xylose was produced in 74%–97% yields without being fermented because xylose cannot be fermented by S. cerevisiae . After the removal of ethanol from the aqueous SSF solution, the SSF solution was subjected to a photo-Reform step where xylose was transformed into hydrogen by a photocatalytic reaction using Pt-loaded TiO 2 (2 wt % of Pt content) under irradiation by a high pressure mercury lamp. The photo-Reform process produced hydrogen in nearly a yield of ten theoretical equivalents to xylose. Total energy was recovered as ethanol and hydrogen whose combustion energy was 73.4%–91.1% of that of the alkali-pretreated lignocelluloses (holocellulose).

Keywords: bamboo; rice straw; silvergrass; cellulase; xylanase; simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF); hydrogen-evolution; Pt-loaded TiO 2 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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Managing Cash Flow in the BambooNetworks: Overseas Chinese and the Singapore System

Author

Chapter 8 in Asian Firms, 2007 from  Edward Elgar Publishing

Abstract: Frank Tipton's book is a comparative study of the management structures of Asian firms. As Asian economies continue to expand, the management of Asian firms becomes ever more important, whether they are suppliers, customers, partners, or rivals. As the author argues, Asian firms are very different from their Western counterparts, and these differences reflect the variations in national history and institutions within which they operate.

Keywords: Asian Studies; Business and Management; Economics and Finance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2007
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The role of bamboo plantations in rural development: The case of Anji County, Zhejiang, China

Author

Manuel Ruiz Perez, Zhong Maogong, Brian Belcher, Xie Chen, Fu Maoyiand Xie Jinzhong

World Development, 1999, vol. 27, issue 1, pages 101-114

Date: 1999
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Investigation on the ignition and burnout temperatures of bamboo and sugarcane bagasse by thermogravimetric analysis

Author

Jau-Jang Lu and Wei-Hsin Chen

Applied Energy, 2015, vol. 160, issue C, pages 49-57

Abstract: Ignition and burnout temperatures are important properties of solid fuels for their applications in industry. In this study, the thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) of bamboo and sugarcane bagasse at five different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40°Cmin−1 are performed. The intersection method (IM) and deviation method (DM) are employed to approach the ignition temperatures of the two biomass species, while IM and the conversion method (CM) are adopted to analyze their burnout temperatures. In IM and CM, both the ignition and burnout temperatures increase with increasing heating rate, as a consequence of the pronounced thermal lag in biomass particles at high heating rates. The measured ignition temperatures based on DM are lower than those based on IM, and there is no correlation between the temperature and heating rate. The determined burnout temperatures from IM are close to those obtained from CM, while the difference in the burnout temperatures of the two biomass samples is small. The ignition temperatures of the two biomass species measured from IM are between 250 and 300°C, and their burnout temperatures are close to 500°C. As a whole, IM is recommended for determining the ignition temperature of biomass, while CM is a feasible and simple route to approach the burnout temperature. The heating rates in TGA between 20 and 30°Cmin−1 are suggested because of their accurate and time-saving operations.

Keywords: Biomass; Ignition and burnout temperatures; Thermogravimetric analysis; Heating rate; Thermal lag (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Preparation of methyl levulinate from fractionation of direct liquefied bamboo biomass

Author

Junfeng Feng, Jianchun Jiang, Junming Xu, Zhongzhi Yang, Kui Wang, Qian Guan and Shuigen Chen

Applied Energy, 2015, vol. 154, issue C, pages 520-527

Abstract: One-step preparation of methyl levulinate from biomass was investigated. The process used was direct liquefaction under pressure in methanol using a 1L autoclave. Bamboo, a lignocellulosic biomass, was liquefied using sulfuric acid in subcritical methanol. When sulfuric acid was used as the catalyst, a 30.75wt% methyl levulinate yield could be obtained from bamboo at 200°C after a reaction time of 120min when the catalyst loading was 2.5wt% per 60g bamboo. In addition, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, methyl glucoside and glucose were selected as model compounds for the liquefaction reaction so that the biomass to methyl levulinate reaction pathway could be investigated. The results suggested that lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable material that can be used to produce a high value-added fuel additive (methyl levulinate) by the direct liquefaction under pressure reaction process.

Keywords: Lignocellulosic biomass; Liquefaction; Methyl levulinate (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Economic Analysis of BambooPlantation in Three Major Ravine Systems of India

Author

Vinod Pande (vcpande_2000@yahoo.com), R.S. Kurothe, Gopal Kumar, A.K. Parandiyal, A.K. Singh and Ashok Kumar

Agricultural Economics Research Review, 2012, vol. 25, issue 1

Keywords: Agricultural and Food Policy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2012
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SINGLE WALL BAMBOO SHAPED CARBON NANOTUBE: A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND ELECTRONIC STUDY

Author

Osman Bariş Malcioğlu, Emre Taşci and Şaki̇r Erkoç(erkoc@erkoc.physics.metu.edu.tr)
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International Journal of Modern Physics C (IJMPC), 2006, vol. 17, issue 02, pages 187-196

Abstract: Thermal stability and molecular electronic properties of a single walled, bamboo shaped carbon nanotube has been investigated. Molecular dynamics method is applied to investigate thermal stability, and electronic properties are calculated at the Extended Huckel level. Although bamboo shaped carbon nanotubes observed in experimental literature are multi-walled, it is shown that the suggested structural model in this work, which is single-walled, is also both thermodynamically and energetically stable. Bamboo shape of the model investigated is due to periodical coronene-like spacers. The resultant structure is compartmented, having geometrical aberrations in the vicinity of spacers. There is no degradation in the average coordination number. The geometrical aberrations in the vicinity of spacers is due to curvature induced by the pentagons of the resultant geometry.

Keywords: Nanobamboo structure; molecular dynamics; Extended Huckel; 61.46.+w; 31.15.Ct; 31.15.Qg (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2006
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Anatomical Properties and Microstructures Features Of Four Cultivated Bamboo Gigantochloa Species

Author

Mohd Tamizi Mustafa, Razak Wahab, Mahmud Sudin, Izyan Khalid and Nurul Ain Mohd Kamal
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Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 2011, vol. 1, issue 7, pages 328-339

Abstract: Anatomical properties and microstructure features of four (4) cultivated species of popular tropical bamboo genus Gigantochloa were studied. Gigantochloa brang, G. levis, G. scotechinii and G. wrayi of age-group 3 were selected, harvested and processed for the anatomical and microstructure studies. The studies focussed mainly on the vascular bundles and fiber cells located at the internodes and nodes 8 at the outer, middle and inner layers of the bamboo. The sizes of the vascular bundles length, vascular bundles width, fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumens diameter, fiber walls thickness and fiber Runkle’s ratio were measured between each of the species in relation to the samples positions at the internodes, nodes, and positions in the crosssection of the bamboo culms. The results in the fibers morphology studies showed that the fibers for each species has different lengths, diameters, cell walls thickness and lumen sizes. The size of vascular bundle is smaller at outer position and become bigger at the inner position. All the four (4) bamboo species exhibited similar in characteristics but having different sizes in anatomy and microstructure features.

Keywords: Cultivated Gigantochloa species; anatomy; vascular bundles; fibers; microstructure features. (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2011
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The bamboo smoke screen: Tobacco smoking in China

Author

D. Tomson and A. Coulter

Health Policy, 1990, vol. 14, issue 2, pages 157-157b

Date: 1990
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Fluidised-bed combustion of bamboo-like cane

Author

V. Mavridis, D. Highgate and D. Probert

Applied Energy, 1991, vol. 40, issue 1, pages 51-64

Abstract: Fluidised-bed combustors achieve significant performance-benefits when burning conventional fuels, yet relatively little attention has been devoted to the use in them of natural bio-fuels. Such materials, as harvested, are characterised by highly-anisotropic shapes, low densities, and large moisture-contents. In the present investigation, the problems associated with the use of a bio-fuel, namely low-density hollow [`]bamboo-like' cane have been assessed. It is concluded that appropriate bed and baffle designs will allow the cane to be entrained in the fluidising bed and to remain immersed therein for periods sufficient to enable complete combustion of the material to occur: no more elaborate pre-treatment than simply chopping the cane into short ( ~ 40 mm) lengths is necessary. Two operating processes have been examined--one in which the energy of the fuel is released within the bed primarily as heat, and a second in which the bed acts as a gasifier, producing both heat as well as a combustible gas for subsequent use.

Date: 1991
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A Planned Market Intervention for the Bamboo Sector of Kerala

Author

V. Anitha, P.K. Muraleedharan, K.V. Santheep, Shijo Thomasand M.P. Sreelakshmi

Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2008, vol. 63, issue 2

Keywords: Environmental Economics and Policy; Marketing(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2008
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The Bamboo Tube Well: A Note on an Example of Indigenous Technology

Author

Arthur J Dommen

Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1975, vol. 23, issue 3, pages 483-89

Date: 1975
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