Blog List

Wednesday, 26 July 2017

Carbon constrains fungal endophyte assemblages along the timberline

Published Date
Article · December 2015 with 216 Reads
DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13153

 Author
Abstract

The alpha diversity of foliar fungal endophytes (FEs) in leaves of Betula ermanii in a subalpine timberline ecotone on Changbai Mountain, China increased with elevation. There were also significant differences in beta diversity along the elevation gradient. Among the environmental variables analyzed, leaf carbon significantly increased with elevation, and was the most significant environmental factor that constrained the alpha and beta diversity in the FE communities. Tree height and the cellulose, lignin, and carbon/nitrogen ratio of the leaves also affected the FE assemblages. When controlled for the effects of elevation, leaf carbon was still the main driver of changes in evenness, Shannon diversity, and FE community composition. The results offered clues of the carbon acquisition strategy of the foliar FEs across this cold terrain. There was strong multicollinearity between both annual precipitation and temperature, with elevation (|Pearson r| > 0.986), so the effects of these climatic variables were impossible to separate; however, they may play key roles and the direct effects of both warrant further investigation. As pioneer decomposers of leaf litter, variations in diversity and community composition of FE measured here may feedback and influence carbon cycling and dynamics in these forest ecosystems.

Carbon constrains fungal endophyte assemblages along the timberline (PDF Download Available).

 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285585665_Carbon_constrains_fungal_endophyte_assemblages_along_the_timberline [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

 For further details log on website :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285585665_Carbon_constrains_fungal_endophyte_assemblages_along_the_timberline
at No comments:

Forest Health in a Changing World

Published Date
Article · May 2015 with 365 Reads
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0545-8

 Author
Abstract

Forest pathology, the science of forest health and tree diseases, is operating in a rapidly developing environment. Most importantly, global trade and climate change are increasing the threat to forest ecosystems posed by new diseases. Various studies relevant to forest pathology in a changing world are accumulating, thus making it necessary to provide an update of recent literature. In this contribution, we summarize research at the interface between forest pathology and landscape ecology, biogeography, global change science and research on tree endophytes. Regional outbreaks of tree diseases are requiring interdisciplinary collaboration, e.g. between forest pathologists and landscape ecologists. When tree pathogens are widely distributed, the factors determining their broad-scale distribution can be studied using a biogeographic approach. Global change, the combination of climate and land use change, increased pollution, trade and urbanization, as well as invasive species, will influence the effects of forest disturbances such as wildfires, droughts, storms, diseases and insect outbreaks, thus affecting the health and resilience of forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree endophytes can contribute to biological control of infectious diseases, enhance tolerance to environmental stress or behave as opportunistic weak pathogens potentially competing with more harmful ones. New molecular techniques are available for studying the complete tree endobiome under the influence of global change stressors from the landscape to the intercontinental level. Given that exotic tree diseases have both ecologic and economic consequences, we call for increased interdisciplinary collaboration in the coming decades between forest pathologists and researchers studying endophytes with tree geneticists, evolutionary and landscape ecologists, biogeographers, conservation biologists and global change scientists and outline interdisciplinary research gaps.

Forest Health in a Changing World (PDF Download Available). 

 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269695840_Forest_Health_in_a_Changing_World [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

 For further details log on website :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269695840_Forest_Health_in_a_Changing_World
at No comments:

Endophytic fungi associated with leaves of Betulaceae in Japan

Published Date
Article · March 2012 with 71 Reads
DOI: 10.1139/w2012-018 · Source: PubMed

 Author
Abstract
Diversity and species composition of endophytic fungi on leaves of 11 tree species in Betulaceae were studied, with reference to climatic, tree species, and seasonal variations. A total of 186 fungal isolates were obtained from 190 leaves collected in a subalpine forest, a cool temperate forest, and a subtropical forest in Japan, and were divided into 46 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) according to the base sequences of D1-D2 region of large subunit rDNA. The 2 most frequent OTUs were Muscodor sp. and Nemania sp. in Xylariaceae, followed by Gnomonia sp., Glomerella acutata , Apiosporopsis sp., Asteroma sp., and Cladosporium cladosporioides . The similarities of OTU composition in endophytic fungal assemblages on leaves of Betulaceae were generally low among the forests of different climatic regions. Fungal OTU compositions were relatively similar between 2 Betula species in the subalpine forest, whereas 7 tree species in the cool temperate forest were divided into 3 groups according to the similarity of endophytic fungal assemblages on the leaves, with 4 Carpinus species assigned into 2 of the 3 groups. The similarity of endophytic fungal assemblages between August and October was relatively high in the subalpine forest, whereas the seasonal changes were generally greater (i.e., the similarities among sampling dates were lower) in the cool temperate forest.

Endophytic fungi associated with leaves of Betulaceae in Japan (PDF Download Available). 
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221977331_Endophytic_fungi_associated_with_leaves_of_Betulaceae_in_Japan [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

 For further details log on website :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221977331_Endophytic_fungi_associated_with_leaves_of_Betulaceae_in_Japan
at No comments:

Effect of distance and density on seed/seedling fate of two dipterocarp species

Published Date
Article · August 2007 with 9 Reads
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.04.028

 Author
Article · August 2007 with 9 Reads
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.04.028
Abstract

We investigated the effects of both seed density and distance from conspecific adult trees on the survivorship of seeds of Shorea laxa and Dipterocarpus tempehes. We examined whether those species support predictions of the escape hypothesis of distance- and density-dependent mortality. We placed seeds on the forest floor using a matrix of distance from the parent tree (5, 20, and 80 m) and seed density (2, 10, and 50 m−2). The fates of seeds and seedlings were recorded 5 days, 2 weeks, and 1 month after the seeds were exposed. Camera-traps at quadrats 5 and 80 m from the parent trees were used to identify mammalian seed and seedling predators and to examine the frequency of their appearance. The proportion of seedlings surviving after 1 month was very small, 32.0 and 4.0% for S. laxa and D. tempehes, respectively. The main cause of mortality for both species was predation and removal by mammals. Total mortality and mortality caused by mammal predation were highest at the greatest distance from the parent tree. Camera-traps revealed that the diversity of mammalian predators was highest 5 m from the parent trees, while the total frequency of mammalian predator appearance was higher at 80 m than at 5 m for S. laxa. Thus, S. laxa and D. tempehes exhibited distance-dependent mortality, but the highest mortality occurred at the greatest distance from the parent trees. This is the inverse of the pattern predicted by escape hypothesis and instead supports the “McCanny pattern”. Those results would be caused by “predator satiation” near the seed-bearing trees where foods were concentrated, while seeds more distant from the parent tree were exhausted by predation.

Effect of distance and density on seed/seedling fate of two dipterocarp species. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222196751_Effect_of_distance_and_density_on_seedseedling_fate_of_two_dipterocarp_species [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

For further details log on website :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222196751_Effect_of_distance_and_density_on_seedseedling_fate_of_two_dipterocarp_species
at No comments:

Brown root rot caused by phellinus noxius in the Ogasawara (Bonin) islands, southern Japan - current status of the disease and its host plants

Published Date
Article · December 2015 with 67 Reads
DOI: 10.1007/s13314-015-0183-0

 Author
Abstract

An unusual mortality of several woody plant species was recently found in the Ogasawara Islands. Here, we show that brown root rot caused by Phellinus noxius was the primary cause of this unusual tree death. Typical symptoms of the disease were confirmed on 41 plant species in 29 plant families. Among them, 23 were novel hosts of P. noxius, including 15 species endemic to the Ogasawara Islands. Six species were new host records in Japan.

Brown root rot caused by phellinus noxius in the Ogasawara (Bonin) islands, southern Japan - current status of the disease and its host plants (PDF Download Available). 

 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284076875_Brown_root_rot_caused_by_phellinus_noxius_in_the_Ogasawara_Bonin_islands_southern_Japan_-_current_status_of_the_disease_and_its_host_plants [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

 For further details log on website :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284076875_Brown_root_rot_caused_by_phellinus_noxius_in_the_Ogasawara_Bonin_islands_southern_Japan_-_current_status_of_the_disease_and_its_host_plants
at No comments:

Effects of Reduced-Impact Logging on Decomposers in the Deramakot Forest Reserve

Published Date
Chapter · March 2013 with 10 Reads
DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54141-7_4 
In book: Effects of Reduced-Impact Logging on Decomposers in the Deramakot Forest Reserve, Chapter: 4, Publisher: Springer, Editors: Kanehiro Kitayama, pp.63-87
Author
Abstract

The management of natural tropical production forests is charged to meet with mutually exclusive demands, that is, the production of wood materials and the conservation of biodiversity. One possible way of meeting both demands is to introduce improved management techniques such as reduced-impact logging. The effectiveness of reduced-impact logging in maintaining biodiversity was recognized in selected organisms (e.g., mammals; Mannan et al. 2008). However, this concept needs to be further substantiated in other taxa because benefits of reduced-impact logging can be specific to certain taxonomic groups only.

Effects of Reduced-Impact Logging on Decomposers in the Deramakot Forest Reserve. 

 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258104308_Effects_of_Reduced-Impact_Logging_on_Decomposers_in_the_Deramakot_Forest_Reserve [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

 For further details log on website :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258104308_Effects_of_Reduced-Impact_Logging_on_Decomposers_in_the_Deramakot_Forest_Reserve
at No comments:

Spatial distribution of the basidiocarps of aphyllophoraceous fungi in a tropical rainforest on Borneo Island, Malaysia

Published Date
Article · September 2009 with 59 Reads
DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.004 · Source: PubMed

Author

Abstract

The spatial distribution of basidiocarps provides much information on the dispersal abilities, habitat preferences, and inter- and intraspecific interactions of aphyllophoraceous fungi. To reveal the spatial distribution and resource utilization patterns of aphyllophoraceous fungi in Malaysia, we conducted field observations in a primary forest in 2006 and analyzed the relationships between the abundance of eight dominant fungal species and various environmental factors. The topographical characteristics were significantly patchily distributed at the 100-m scale, whereas woody debris and most fungal species were distributed randomly. Although the dominant fungal species differed among the decay classes and diameters of the woody debris, the abundance of a few dominant species was significantly correlated with environmental factors. Although the latter factors might affect the spatial distribution of these fungi, the effects appear to be so small that they would not create an aggregated distribution at a few 100-m scales.

Spatial distribution of the basidiocarps of aphyllophoraceous fungi in a tropical rainforest on Borneo Island, Malaysia.

 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26743781_Spatial_distribution_of_the_basidiocarps_of_aphyllophoraceous_fungi_in_a_tropical_rainforest_on_Borneo_Island_Malaysia [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

For further details log on website :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26743781_Spatial_distribution_of_the_basidiocarps_of_aphyllophoraceous_fungi_in_a_tropical_rainforest_on_Borneo_Island_Malaysia
at No comments:

Diversity and conservation of wood-inhabiting polypores and other aphyllophoraceous fungi in Malaysia

Published Date
Article · August 2012 with 702 Reads
DOI: 10.1007/s10531-012-0238-x

 Author
Abstract

 Diversity and conservation of wood-inhabiting polypores and other aphyllophoraceous fungi in Malaysia.

 Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233934294_Diversity_and_conservation_of_wood-inhabiting_polypores_and_other_aphyllophoraceous_fungi_in_Malaysia [accessed Jul 26, 2017].
Abstract

We reviewed the ecological characteristics of wood-inhabiting fungi in Malaysia in relation to the major threats to these fungi; we also examined the forest uses that would help to conserve them. Although wood-inhabiting fungi do not show high host specificity or preference in many tropical areas, several are specific to Dipterocarpaceae trees in Malaysia and some species may preferably inhabit other minor tree species. Tree size and decomposition stage are also important determinants of which fungi are present. Among the polypores described by E. J. H. Corner, 41 and 26 species have been recorded only from Malaysian lowland rainforest and montane forest, respectively. Evidence suggests that both of these forest types in Malaysia are home to unique fungal communities. More than 30 polypore species described by Corner are known only from their type localities. These species are likely rare and may be restricted to old-growth forests. Logging decreases species richness of wood-inhabiting fungi because the number of natural treefalls is decreased in logged forests, and the decline of old-growth forests is a major threat to conservation of Malaysian fungi. However, species richness of wood-inhabiting fungi is relatively high in old secondary forests and forests undergoing reduced-impact logging. The diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi is extremely low in oil palm plantations, whereas several species inhabit rubber-tree and acacia plantations. Preservation of old-growth forest is essential for conserving rare wood-inhabiting fungi in Malaysia, but old secondary forests, reduced-impact logged forests, and matured tree plantations may have some importance for the conservation of some species.

 Diversity and conservation of wood-inhabiting polypores and other aphyllophoraceous fungi in Malaysia. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233934294_Diversity_and_conservation_of_wood-inhabiting_polypores_and_other_aphyllophoraceous_fungi_in_Malaysia [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

 For further details log on website :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233934294_Diversity_and_conservation_of_wood-inhabiting_polypores_and_other_aphyllophoraceous_fungi_in_Malaysia
at No comments:

Effects of Forest Use on Aphyllophoraceous Fungal Community Structure in Sarawak, Malaysia

Published Date
Article · October 2007 with 15 Reads
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00366.x

 Author
Abstract

Aphyllophoraceous fungi are expected to reflect changes in the environmental conditions caused by forest use. To reveal the effects of forest uses on the fungal community structure, we performed a 3-month survey of aphyllophoraceous species in five forest types (undisturbed primary forest, isolated patches of primary forest, old and young fallow forest, and rubber plantations) in Sarawak, Malaysia in 2005. We used a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to reveal the relationships between fungal community composition and the environmental variables (canopy openness, soil water potential, amount and composition of coarse woody debris, litter mass, basal area, plant species composition). A total of 155 samples from 67 species were collected during the study period. The fungal species density represented by the number of species in a transect differed significantly among forest types. The fungal species density increased significantly with increasing number of pieces of coarse woody debris (CWD), but decreased significantly with increasing the scores of second axis of principal component analysis (PCA) for plant species composition. In the CCA ordination, automatic forward selection revealed that only the number of pieces of CWD significantly affected the fungal species composition. The occurrences of Flabellophora licmophora, Coriolopsis retropicta, Microporus vernicipes, and Amauroderma subrugosum were positively correlated with the number of pieces of CWD. Our study clearly demonstrated that forest use negatively affected aphyllophoraceous fungal diversity and suggest that the quantity of CWD would be an important determinant of fungal diversity and composition.

Effects of Forest Use on Aphyllophoraceous Fungal Community Structure in Sarawak, Malaysia. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230358037_Effects_of_Forest_Use_on_Aphyllophoraceous_Fungal_Community_Structure_in_Sarawak_Malaysia [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

 For further details log on website :
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230358037_Effects_of_Forest_Use_on_Aphyllophoraceous_Fungal_Community_Structure_in_Sarawak_Malaysia
at No comments:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...