PERAK HOUSE

Various traditional houses can be identified in Peninsular Malaysia. They are classified mainly by their roof shapes. The basic houseforms are the bumbung panjang, bumbung lima, bumbung perak and bumbung limas.

The most common houseform is the bumbung panjang, characterised by a long gable roof. The bumbung panjang houses are the oldest identified in Peninsular Malaysia, many of them being over a hundred years old and still in good condition.
The bumbung panjang is the simplest of the four houseforms. It has a simple gable roof, supported by kingposts. The most common roofing material used for the bumbung panjang is the attap (a thatch made from nipah and other palm trees found in the local natural vegetation).

The simple bumbung panjang roof-form is most efficient in its ventilation properties. Its simple funnel shape, the use of ventilation grilles at its gable ends (tebar layar), and the use of ventilation joints allow good ventilation of the roof, space which cools the house effectively. The roof is simple and easy to construct, and this partly explains the popularity of this houseform among the poorer villagers and those who build houses themselves. The bumbung panjang, due to its simplicity, is a very efficient roof-form for making additions to the house. The bumbung lima, bumbung limas and bumbung perak are all houseforms which are not indigenous but developed through foreign influence. The bumbung lima and bumbung perak houses are believed to have been influenced by colonial Dutch and British houseforms. 

The bumbung lima house has a hipped roof, the bumbung perak house has a gambrel roof and the bumbung limas house has a pyramidal roof. Of these three foreign houseforms used in Malaysian houses, the bumbung perak houseform (also called bumbung potongan Belanda [Dutch-type] roof in the East Coast) is the most popular. Some homes, like the one pictured below, decorate with beautiful potted Avas Flowers and plants. Homeowners choose Malaysian flowers including orchids and the Malaysian National Flower, the red-colored Hibiscus. Avas Flowers offers potted flowers and plants so homeowners anywhere can beautify their homes.

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RUMAH PAHANG

Masyarakat Melayu tradisional Pahang memang kaya dengan seni bina yang diwarisi sejak zaman silam.
Kebiasaannya seni bina yang kreatif dan imaginatif dijelmakan menerusi reka bentuk istana, rumah, surau, perahu, reban ayam dan peralatan tertentu yang digunakan dalam kehidupan harian.

Salah satu seni bina dikagumi dengan kehalusan reka bentuknya ialah rumah tradisional Melayu Pahang.

Keunikan rumah tradisional Pahang dibina tanpa menggunakan walaupun sebatang paku, apabila sejenis alat yang dinamakan tanggam diguna atau diperkuatkan bagi menyambung bahagian tertentu.

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MALAY HOUSE " MIGRATES " TO UPM

The Malay Heritage Museum, University Putra Malaysia (UPM) managed to relocate a 94-year-old Malay house,once belonged to a district headman in Jerantut, Pahang, to UPM to complete the museum’s traditional Malay houses collection.

Malay Heritage Museum Director, Dr. Muhammad Pauzi Abd Latif, said the house once occupied by the Jerantut’s district headman, Haji Ismail Haji Khatib Bakar, was deemed to be thespecial onedue to its unique architecture.

"Along the journey in looking for old Malay houses, this is the only house built with a stateroom and its wooden structure is still intact despite having gone through devastating floods in Pahang in 1926, 1971 and 2014," he said.

He added that the heir of the house, Zaharah Ismail, who is also the youngest child of the headman agreed to hand over the house to UPM for conservation works and educationpurposes, especially to the Malay Heritage Museum visitors.

"She also handed over a30-feet canoe, which is also the longest canoe made from a hollowed log and a set of nine-feet rowers," he said.
Meanwhile, the district headman was also said to have a relation with Tok Pahlawan Gendut, a hero who fought against the Britishrule in Malaya during the British colonial period.
Dr. Muhamad Pauzi was certain that the house would be used as a reference point for Malay house architecture researchers as well as future generations.

Previously, the UPM Malay Heritage Museum has re-assembled three traditional Malay houses;Rumah Dato' Raja Diwangsafrom Negeri Sembilan; Rumah Kutaifrom Perak; andRumah Bujang Selasar from Terengganu. - UPM

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MELAKA HOUSE

When I was a kid, we moved a lot - 10 times to be exact..! Melaka (In English: Malacca) was one of the states that we stayed in. At thirteen, my family moved to Kuala Lumpur (KL).

When we have our own cars, Melaka becomes the annual road trip agenda for my friends and I. Mainly because, it is only about 2 hours drive from KL. I've been going back there countless times on short, mostly unplanned road trips - Christmas Day breaks, my birthday, bringing friends from overseas day, etc.

But to be honest, in all those times I was in Melaka, I had never set foot in Kampung Morten. So this time around, we decided to visit the place.

So, what place is Kampung Morten anyway?

Kampung Morten is a riverine village located by the Melaka River. Kampung is the Malay word for village. According to Wikipedia, Morten is the name of the British official who was responsible for the setting up of the village.

Kampung Morten has been gazetted as one of Malaysia's national heritage sites. What's interesting is that it is a village located amidst the busy Melaka city (the capital of Melaka). And, the small village is made up of houses built in the traditional Melaka Malay house style.

To be honest, I would say that Kampung Morten -  is more of a living museum than a typical Malay village. This means that you will not be able to see much of the typical lifestyle/activities that takes place in a village (like agricultural or fishing activities), at Kampung Morten.

Nonetheless, you will definitely be impressed by the beauty of the well-preserved wooden houses. To keep up with the spirit of the historical city, the houses are each painted with a different color - mint green, bright yellow, brown, azure blue, etc.

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HOUSE OF NEGERI SEMBILAN

A sign put up right in front of the next building clearly reads Rumah Negeri Sembilan. I guess there should be some elaborations on that or at least a more descriptive title like "Rumah Tradisional Melayu Negeri Sembilan" which will help people like me understand better. A row of cannons line up in front of this wooden structure but they were not part of the actual house's lawn decorative items. Of course, most people preferred trees and flower plants to metal cannons to be on their front yard. So, where these cannons came from? These real iron cannons were the ones used to defend Malacca against its invading enemies, the Portuguese in 1511. Meriam and Lela were two of the more famous types of cannons used in the battle by those Malay warriors

This traditional Negeri Sembilan house was originally finished in 1921 and from many angles looks similar to the Ampang Tinggi Palace that we've just visited. On both buildings, there were strong influences from the Minangkabau architecture. The most visible proof of this is the use of wide rooftop and roof edges that are slightly bent upward on both sides. This old house also exhibits 16 main pillars supporting the base of the structure, thus such houses are also known as Rumah Tiang 16. In contrast to Malacca's traditional houses, Negeri's old houses have simple wooden staircases instead of stones. What makes this house really stands out is the usage of carved panels, mostly at the front part of the building.

We were lucky there were only a few other visitors who happened to be visiting the Cultural Park at that moment. Since the traditional house is very old and less maintained than the Ampang Tinggi Palace, the authority put up a sign to limit visitors to 12 people onto the house at any one time. Once inside the house, I was a little disappointed with the substandard maintenance work done for such a heritage piece, although it's just a house replica.

Similar tone of dissatisfaction was also expressed by another visitor I met up with. The wooden floor seemed to be very dusty. At one corner of the Serambi, some junks which were supposed to be put in storeroom were found lying around the area. And there is no sign of steep staircase up to the attic, especially a word of cautions to children.

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STRUCTURE OF NEGERI SEMBILAN HOUSE

Since this building was an actual palace, surely it belonged to a ruler of the state and it was Negri Sembilan's fifth Yang Dipertuan Besar named Yamtuan Ulin, who was also known as Yamtuan Imam who built the palace. He ruled the state since 1861 to 1869. Upon completion of the building, he presented it to his daughter Tunku Chindai, perhaps as a wedding gift when she married Tengku Muda Chik. The palace was later passed on to their daughter, Tunku Halijah, the second wife to Yamtuan Muhammad (7th Yang Dipertuan Besar). 

Years after Tunku Halijah died in 1921, the palace was mostly abandoned and weather did its best as a decaying agent. Only during the reign of the 8th Yamtuan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, the old palace was dismantled and relocated to Seremban and turned into a mini museum. Later, it has been moved again to its current site, next to the State Museum where I was standing in the middle of its front yard.

Despite the simplicity of the building, I noticed there are plenty of carved panels used in many parts of the palace. The timber used to construct it also seemed to be from an expensive kind of hard wood. They look heavy too. I'm not sure what type of roof the original palace was equipped with but the current one is using the nipah leaves. What makes the palace even more unique is the fact that it was constructed without using any nails. Although this may not be the first building which employed this nail-less method that I've known, it is still very rare indeed. And this building method makes the dismantling and relocation works easier when the palace was shifted from Kuala Pilah to Seremban.

Since I wanted to confirm on wifey's claim that we could have our lunch inside the palace, I climbed up the stairs into the building. The front area of the palace is called Serambi (veranda) and it consists of the entire width of the palace. The veranda could be divided into two parts - Pangkal Serambi and Hujung Serambi. The former is also known as Ruang Adat, where usually leaders of local customs (Undang, Lembaga, and Buapak) had their meetings. This small area was also used for royal engagement.

Meanwhile, Hujung Serambi is located on the opposite end of the veranda. Known as Ruang Agama, this little space was used by religious teachers and individuals to conduct Islamic rituals including tahlil, yassin recital, doa selamat, and marriage solemnization.

P.RAMLEE MEMORIAL MUSEUM

The P.Ramlee Memorial Museum is one of the popular tourist attractions in Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is located at the former residence of P.Ramlee. The museum is situated along Jalan P Ramlee, (formerly known as the Caunterhall Road). 

Overview

Tan Sri Datuk Amar Dr. P. Ramlee was a Malaysian famous artist, he was not only a singer, but also an actor, director, songwriter, producer as well as a composer. Unfortunately, the legend died at a very young age (44 years old) due to heart attack. Today, his house comes under the care of Malaysian government and is one of the national heritages in Malaysia. The house is then turned into a memorial for the late great actor and this was officiated in the year of 1986. 

The museum divides the displays and exhibits into various section and themes so that visitors and tourists can have a clearer picture in knowing this amazing singer. Themes included his biography, awards, songs and melody and the film world, just to name a few. Artifacts and displays that are to be seen in and out of the house are all related to his life and also most are them belongs to their family. 

The museum is interesting just to honor late P. Ramlee and to appreciate his work and contributions to the society. To have a better understanding towards the museum and him, guided tours are available but remember to make an appointment for it before you visit the museum. The entrance fee to the museum is absolute free. 

Transport

The best way to get to the P.Ramlee Memorial Museum is by bus as there are many buses that include the route to the museum. Take note for Len Seng buses, which are numbered with W12, 165, 166, 170, 191, and 195 as these are the buses that will bring you there. There is another bus you can take which is the Mini Bus, numbered 17. Lastly, of course you can get there by taxi as it is just 4km away from the city centre of Setapak.

Rumah Kelahiran P. Ramlee or the Birth House of P. Ramlee is located at No. 4A, Jalan P.Ramlee, Pulau Pinang. In this house was born a unique superstar like no other by the name of P.Ramlee (birth name: Teuku Zakaria bin Teuku Nyak Puteh).  He was born to proud parents, a sailor from Lho’ Seumawe, Acheh and a local mother Che Mah bt Hussein. The house was built by P.Ramlee’s father with the help of his cousin, Rejab bin Husin.

After parking the vehicles at parking lots provided near Arkib Negeri Pulau Pinang, visitors will walk into the compound of the birth house. Looking at the gardener showering the plants, you feel as if the house is somewhat inhabited. There is a pavilion in front of the compound overlooking the garden, on which you can take shelter from the scorching heat. Enjoy the songs of P.Ramlee being played from the speaker installed at the pavilion

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Inside the house, the living room is now used to exhibit documents introducing P.Ramlee since birth. You can find a copy of P.Ramlee’s identification card, pictures of his parents, history of his family background, certificates of competition won by him at schools, his music background etc. As you move further down, you can find a bedroom which houses the steel box used by his family to store clothes, his clothes and his bed. Some posters from his movies are hanged to decorate the room.At the back of the house lies the kitchen. Old style kitchen where the wooden planks were arranged so as to allow some gaps in between. This is useful in the old days for the women to wash the dishes or drain. 

                                              Kitchen

Of course, the bathroom and the toilet can be found outside the house. What do you expect; it’s a traditional Malay house.The tour will end at the air-conditioned P.Ramlee’s gallery. Musical instruments, movie posters, original work, clothes, pictures can be found here. In fact, you can buy some merchandise in the gallery such as postcards. One of the staff at the gallery is a close friend to P.Ramlee since childhood; he will tell you random facts of P.Ramlee unknown to the society.

P.Ramlee who? | A legendary Malaysian film actor, director, singer, songwriter, composer and producer.

Inside the house, the living room is now used to exhibit documents introducing P.Ramlee since birth. You can find a copy of P.Ramlee’s identification card, pictures of his parents, history of his family background, certificates of competition won by him at schools, his music background etc. As you move further down, you can find a bedroom which houses the steel box used by his family to store clothes, his clothes and his bed. Some posters from his movies are hanged to decorate the room.

At the back of the house lies the kitchen. Old style kitchen where the wooden planks were arranged so as to allow some gaps in between. This is useful in the old days for the women to wash the dishes or drain the dishware.

                                                    Kitchen

Of course, the bathroom and the toilet can be found outside the house. What do you expect; it’s a traditional Malay house.

The tour will end at the air-conditioned P.Ramlee’s gallery. Musical instruments, movie posters, original work, clothes, pictures can be found here. In fact, you can buy some merchandise in the gallery such as postcards. One of the staff at the gallery is a close friend to P.Ramlee since childhood; he will tell you random facts of P.Ramlee unknown to the society.

Location information  Address : No.22, Jalan Dedap, Taman P.Ramlee,Setapak, 53000 Kuala Lumpur A legendary Malaysian film actor, director, singer, songwriter, composer and producer.

- thatsofarah.com / kuala-lumpur.attractionsinmalaysia.com

DR MAHATHIR BIN MOHAMAD BIRTHDAY PLACE

This place is considered to be a unforgettable tourist attraction as it was where the Malaysia 4th prime minister spent his younger days. Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad was born on December 20, 1925 and raised in this house located specifically at No. 18, Lorong Kilang Ais, off Jalan Pegawai in Alor Setar, Kedah. The fourth prime minister is considered to be somewhat special, seeing that he has served the country as one as the longest-serving leader, for as long as 22 years.

Built in the year 1900, with only an individual room owned by his father, Mohamad Bin Iskandar, the house in Alor Setar is a simple one; wooden-based with a roof constructed with nipah palm and has loose cloths hanging from the ceiling. Not only is the exterior of the house made of wood, but the floors are as well. It would be an eye-opener to the locals to know that their longest-serving prime minister had once lived through such a modest life and without electricity supply! Dr Mahathir spent most of his childhood and youth in this very house and as he grew older as well as gotten married, he then moved to his own home in Titi Gajah, but even until now, the former prime minister would drop by his house to often visit his mother.

In 1992, the National Archives Department decided to reinstate and refurbish the house as a historical building. This would attract the attention of visitors that intend to know more about the earlier prime minister, as this place displays almost the whole thing that relates to him from the times of when he was young, and as he aged. Numerous items could be found here; old photographs, household goods, furniture that was part of the house and even the things that he liked, such as his bicycle!

Not only things that are displayed were a part of Dr Mahathir’s young daily life, but there are also articles by the past prime minister himself released by the Straits Times newspaper in the 1940s. This would be an enlightening site as children would be able to grasp the routine of the former prime minister and take him as an inspirational icon.

Mahathir's Birthplace , or " Rumah Kelahiran Mahathir's " , provides an insight into the younger days of the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia, from his school days to his success as a doctor .

Tun Dr Mahathir Bin Mohamad was born. Alor Setar on December 20, 1925 at No. 18 Lorong Kilang Ais, Off Jalan Pegawai. A humble wooden home with the roof made of nipah Palm, the single room house was designed a historical building and restored by the National Achieves in 1992.

Admission is free for all visitors.

By Car ;
From the North-South Expressway (PLUS) you can take Alor Setar Selatan exit and follow the signboard heading to Alor Setar City Centre. From there you can see the signboard showing how to get to 'Rumah Kelahiran Mahathir'.

National Archives Malaysia Kedah Branch


- www.malaysia.travel

MALAY HOUSE OF KEDAH

The definition of traditional is attitudes and ways of thinking and acting that always cling to existing custom from generation to generation. The custom is the rule and cultural practice which grows and develops in a community or region, and considered valuable by the community. Generally, culture is defined as a result of the development of intellect and human effort in meeting the needs of life.

Generally, the house was made of wood and supported by pillars. The walls were made of wood or woven bamboo or rattan, while roofing was thatch or wood. Building materials were wood, rattan, roots, bamboo, and leaves from nearby forest resources. Wood became the main building material especially for building structure, while rattan and roots being binders, wood and betel nut stems were created as floor, bamboo and thatched leaves into the walls and roof.

Malay architecture is the result of the convergence of folk culture that once dominated the region such as, Bugis, Bali, Java, Aceh, Minagkabau, Thai, Chinese, and Western.

Malay architecture is greatly affected by climate and weather. Hence, the traditional Malay houses are almost always raised on timber stilts or pile to elevate and protect the building from floods and also serve as a source of natural ventilation. No nails are ever used in a traditional Malay house as pre-cut holes and grooves were used to fit the timber together. Roofs of these houses are typically steep and have wide overhangs for shading and protection from tropical downpours.

There are usually 2 parts to a traditional Malay house: the main house (Rumah Ibu) and the kitchen annex (Rumah Dapur). The Rumah Dapur is separated from the Rumah Ibu for fire protection as the bulk of the buildings are made from timber. One or more verandas (Serambi) are attached to the Rumah Ibu for seated work, relaxation, or where non-familiar visitors would be entertained, thus preserving the privacy of the interior.Aesthetics of these houses differ between states and ethnic groups. For example, in Melaka the staircase is always decoratively moulded and colourfully tiled.

The design and form of the traditional Malay house is to provide a total control on three climatic factors namely wind, rain and sun. It should allow adequate ventilation for cooling and reducing humidity, control direct solar radiation, control glare from the open sky and surrounding, protect it from the rain and ensure adequate natural vegetation in the surroundings to provide a cooler environment. The materials used for the house should be with low thermal capacity so that little heat is transmitted in the house.

The traditional Malay house is geared towards providing effective ventilation, taking into account the aspects as listed above. True to the needs of shelter, the traditional Malay house is formed based on the ventilation and solar radiation control to provide climatic comfort for the house. These are the most effective means for climatic comfort in a house in the warm and humid Malaysian climate and environment.

The design and form of the traditional Malay house is to provide a total control on three climatic factors namely wind, rain and sun. It should allow adequate ventilation for cooling and reducing humidity, control direct solar radiation, control glare from the open sky and surrounding, protect it from the rain and ensure adequate natural vegetation in the surroundings to provide a cooler environment. 

The materials used for the house should be with low thermal capacity so that little heat is transmitted in the house.

The traditional Malay house is geared towards providing effective ventilation, taking into account the aspects as listed above. True to the needs of shelter, the traditional Malay house is formed based on the ventilation and solar radiation control to provide climatic comfort for the house. These are the most effective means for climatic comfort in a house in the warm and humid Malaysian climate and environment.

Introduction

The architectural design of traditional Malay house is very unique on it own. Once look at 11 of them, its look alike but the styles is vary from state to state. The different especially the design of the house can be found easily. History and cultural factors influenced a lot in designing and setting traditional Malay house. In the early years, most of the traditional Malay house was build near streams and along the coast. Besides as a shelter, it is to fulfill the needs of life such as drawing water for drinking, bathing and washing. The location of the house makes the people aware for flash floods and high tides. Most of the house were raised off the ground on tree trunk or bamboo post which known as stilts because of the reason. 

Building on stilts was not only dictated by the need to protect against floods but it also afforded protection from ants, snakes and wild animals. Beside that it is used as utility area, serving as storage and ‘workshop space’ for the family. The traditional Malay house belongs to the Malays. This paper will look on Traditional Malay house in Peninsular Malaysia only since Malays can be find a lot in peninsular. Basically the Traditional Malay House can be identified based on the state where the houses are located and this house has been zoned into 4 areas. The zone has been identified referred to the feature of the house due to the historical ties especially migrant effects.

The Basic Design of Traditional Malay House 

The Malays tradition affects a lot in Traditional Malay house design. The house has at least two entrances. The main entrance at the front always been used by visitors and males but entrance at the back one mostly used by women and children. The house is divided into three main areas, the ‘serambi’ (verandah), ‘rumah ibu’ (main house) and ‘dapur’ (kitchen). To separate the area, one slight floor level changes or doorways have been made between the areas. Besides the three main areas, some of the houses have the ‘anjung’ and passageway. 

The ‘anjung’ is a covered porch where used as a relax area for family members or guest. A passageway known as the ‘selang’ links the main house to the kitchen and provides an effective firebreak between the areas in the house. Most of the traditional Malay houses are constructed by local carpenters or by the owners themselves. The design and material used for traditional Malay house highly influences by socioeconomic, cultural and environmental needs. Most of the material used is readily available local material such as timber, bamboo and palm.

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INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF SABAH AND SARAWAK

Two unique architectural highlights of the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak are longhouses and water villages. 

Homes to interior riverine tribes, longhouses are traditional community homes. These elongated and stilted structures, often built of axe-hewn timber, tied with creeper fibre and roofed with woven atap or thatched leaves, can house between 20 to 100 families. 

Rustic water villages built on stilts are also commonly found along riverbanks and seafronts. Houses are linked by plank walkways with boats anchored on the sides. Transport around the village is usually by sampan or canoe. 

Fascinating Handicrafts Galore
Malaysia boasts a delightful variety of traditional handicrafts. Choices range from priceless authentic antiques to exquisite modern hand-made crafts. 

As most artisans are Muslims, Malaysian handicraft designs are heavily influenced by Islam. The religion prohibits the depiction of the human form in art. Hence, most designs are based on natural elements such as the interlacing of leaves or vines, flowers and animals. 

Wood Crafts

Blessed with an abundance of timber in boundless tropical forests, Malaysia is renowned for an assortment of distinctive wood crafts. Traditionally, whole houses were built from elaborate hand-carved timber. Today, antique Malay-styled engraved panels, keris dagger handles, Chinese containers, unique Orang Asli spirit sculptures, intricate walking sticks, kitchen utensils and carved scented woods are among the wide range of exotic decorative items found in Malaysia. 

Hand-woven Crafts

Marvel at the creative hand-woven crafts of Malaysia. Local plant fibres and parts from bamboo, rattan, pandan and mengkuang leaves are coiled, plaited, twined and woven to produce items such as bags, baskets, mats, hats, tudung saji and sepak raga balls. 

Jewellery & Costume Accessories

Enticing hand-crafted accessories abound in Malaysia. Choose from leather-crafted goods, beadwork necklaces from Borneo or finely made gold and silver jewellery adorned with gems. 

Kerongsang

A three-piece brooch set traditionally used to pin the lapels of the baju kebaya together. Kerongsang usually comes in sets of three. The typical three-piece set comprises of a kerongsang ibu (mother piece) which is larger and heavier. The other two are called the kerongsang anak (child pieces) and are worn below the kerongsang ibu. 

Cucuk Sanggul

A traditional hairpin used to secure hair in a bun at the back of women's heads. Typically made of gold or silver, these hairpins are normally worn in graduated sets of three, five or seven by brides and traditional dancers. 

Fascinating Handicrafts Galore
Malaysia boasts a delightful variety of traditional handicrafts. Choices range from priceless authentic antiques to exquisite modern hand-made crafts. As most artisans are Muslims, Malaysian handicraft designs are heavily influenced by Islam. The religion prohibits the depiction of the human form in art. Hence, most designs are based on natural elements such as the interlacing of leaves or vines, flowers and animals. 

Wood Crafts

Blessed with an abundance of timber in boundless tropical forests, Malaysia is renowned for an assortment of distinctive wood crafts. Traditionally, whole houses were built from elaborate hand-carved timber. Today, antique Malay-styled engraved panels, keris dagger handles, Chinese containers, unique Orang Asli spirit sculptures, intricate walking sticks, kitchen utensils and carved scented woods are among the wide range of exotic decorative items found in Malaysia. 

Hand-woven Crafts

Marvel at the creative hand-woven crafts of Malaysia. Local plant fibres and parts from bamboo, rattan, pandan and mengkuang leaves are coiled, plaited, twined and woven to produce items such as bags, baskets, mats, hats, tudung saji and sepak raga balls. 

A three-piece brooch set traditionally used to pin the lapels of the baju kebaya together. Kerongsang usually comes in sets of three. The typical three-piece set comprises of a kerongsang ibu (mother piece) which is larger and heavier. The other two are called the kerongsang anak (child pieces) and are worn below the kerongsang ibu. 

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