Optimization of thermally-compressed wood of Trewia nudiflora species using statistical Box–Behnken design and desirability function

SpringerLink

• Md. Azharul Islam 
• , Md. Abdur Razzak
• , Basudeb Ghosh

Title

Optimization of thermally-compressed wood of Trewia nudiflora species using statistical Box–Behnken design and desirability function

Journal

Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science 
Volume 11, Issue 1 , pp 5-14

Cover Date

2014-06

DOI

10.1007/s13196-014-0110-6

Print ISSN

0972-172X

Online ISSN

0976-8432

Publisher

Springer India

Author Affiliations

• 1. Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh

Abstract

A multi-criteria decision strategy based on desirability function and Box–Behnken design as response surface methodology have been used to concomitantly optimize process parameters and two important mechanical properties in compressed wood production from Trewia nudiflora species. The steaming time (min), pressing time (min) and pressing temperature (°C) were selected as process parameters where as modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) as responses. The optimized parameters for compressed wood production were found to be: steaming time 60 min, pressing time 10 min and pressing temperature 183.16 °C and under these conditions optimized responses were 1,229.2 N/mm2for MOE and 45.46 N/mm2 for MOR.

Keywords

Optimization Mechanical properties Heat treatment Box–Behnken design Desirability function Trewia nudiflora

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Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for the fast detection and sorting of wood–plastic composites and waste wood treated with wood preservatives

USDA
United States Department Of Agriculture

National Agricultural Library

Title

Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for the fast detection and sorting of wood–plastic composites and waste wood treated with wood preservatives

Dirk Mauruschat, Burkhard Plinke, Jochen Aderhold, Jan Gunschera, Peter Meinlschmidt, Tunga Salthammer

Wood science and technology 2016 v.50 no.2 pp. 313-331

Abstract

The aim of this work was to increase the amount of recycled waste wood in the wood-processing industry. Contaminations such as plastics and wood preservatives therefore have to be identified and removed. A promising technique to detect this foreign matter is near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. For several organic and inorganic active compounds for wood preservation, the NIR reflectance spectra acquired with sensors with the capability of on-line measurements were characterized. Some of them were significantly different from those of previously published spectra. Moreover, untreated wood was distinguishable from wood treated with preservatives. Confounding factors, such as the water content, wood species and solvent of the preservative, were examined which had so far massively interfered the NIR detection and classification. Chemometric-based solutions are presented in this work to cope with analytical challenges arisen from the complexity of waste wood samples. This formed the basis for a sorting trial in which treated wood chips were detected in real time with an NIR spectrometer and automatically separated by pneumatic nozzles, showing that the laboratory experiments can be transferred into small industrial scale. Additionally, the experiments showed that wood–plastic composites (WPC) of different plastic types were distinguishable with NIR spectroscopy and can be sorted by ejection based on this information. Unmixed material is a major prerequisite for a high-quality recycling of WPC and has never been demonstrated on a technical scale. Furthermore, three different NIR devices (hyperspectral imaging camera, miniaturized spectrometer and sorting plant) were evaluated regarding their applicability in the waste wood recycling process.

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http://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/article.xhtml?id=4859498&searchText=Wood&searchField=allfields

Studies on swelling of wood with water and ionic liquids

USDA
United States Department of Agriculture 

National Agricultural Library 

Title 

Studies on swelling of wood with water and ionic liquids

P. Höhne,  K. Tauer

Wood science and technology 2016 v.50 no.2 pp. 245-258

Abstract

A recently developed simple method to qualitatively study the swelling behavior of polymeric gels is applied to swelling studies of wood with water and ionic liquids. Results are presented showing the differences between and the peculiarities of both kinds of swelling agents. In proof-of-principle experiments, it is shown that swelling of wood with ionic liquids allows the construction of long-lasting connections and joints.

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http://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/article.xhtml?id=4859496&searchText=Wood&searchField=allfields

Significance of wood extractives for wood bonding

USDA
United States Department of Agriculture 

National Agricultural Library 

 Significance of wood extractives for wood bonding

Edmone Roffael

Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2016 v.100 no.4 pp. 1589-1596

Abstract

Wood contains primary extractives, which are present in all woods, and secondary extractives, which are confined in certain wood species. Extractives in wood play a major role in wood-bonding processes, as they can contribute to or determine the bonding relevant properties of wood such as acidity and wettability. Therefore, extractives play an immanent role in bonding of wood chips and wood fibres with common synthetic adhesives such as urea-formaldehyde-resins (UF-resins) and phenol-formaldehyde-resins (PF-resins). Extractives of high acidity accelerate the curing of acid curing UF-resins and decelerate bonding with alkaline hardening PF-resins. Water-soluble extractives like free sugars are detrimental for bonding of wood with cement. Polyphenolic extractives (tannins) can be used as a binder in the wood-based industry. Additionally, extractives in wood can react with formaldehyde and reduce the formaldehyde emission of wood-based panels. Moreover, some wood extractives are volatile organic compounds (VOC) and insofar also relevant to the emission of VOC from wood and wood-based panels.

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http://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/article.xhtml?id=4812434&searchText=Wood&searchField=allfields

Benefits From Taking Evening Primrose Oil for Menopause

If you're approaching menopause or have already entered menopause, you might be concerned about some of the symptoms, such as hot flashes and difficulty sleeping. Although symptoms can vary greatly among women, they may interfere with quality of life and cause other problems. Oil prepared from the evening primrose plant (Oenothera biennis) is a traditional remedy for some of these symptoms that may have benefits during menopause.

Evening primrose capsules on an outdoor table. Photo Credit wasansos1/iStock/Getty Images.

Components

The evening primrose is named for its unusual habit of opening new flowers after sunset or on a cloudy, sunless day. When crushed, the plant's seeds produce an oil with several compounds that have biological activity. Twenty-five percent of the oil is made of fatty acids and one of these, gamma-linoleic acid or GLA, is an omega-6 fatty acid called essential because you need to obtain it from food. GLA and other compounds in evening primrose oil may also help lessen symptoms of menopause.

Menopausal Benefits

Evening primrose oil has been part of herbal medicine for hundreds of years, recommended by practitioners for many reasons, including relief from hot flashes that arise just before and during menopause. Research into the usefulness of the oil for this purpose has had mixed results. A study published in the December 2009 issue of "American Family Physician" reviewed a number of trials involving its use and reported inconclusive results, stating that most studies provided only preliminary findings and were generally inconclusive. A later study published in the November 2013 issue of "Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics" included 56 menopausal subjects who took either evening primrose oil or a placebo for six weeks. Women who consumed the oil reported hot flashes of lessened severity, compared to the placebo group, leading the authors to conclude that the oil had some positive benefit.

Supplements

Evening primrose oil is available from health food stores in capsules. The oil is perishable and capsules should be stored out of sunlight and under refrigeration to prevent spoilage. Opt for high-quality oil certified as organic and is standardized to at least 8 percent GLA to minimize differences between batches. No minimal effective dose of the oil has been established, but clinical studies have used doses between 2 to 8 grams daily, sometimes divided into several doses, without negative effects.

Side Effects and Precautions

Evening primrose oil is generally considered a safe supplement, but may cause mild nausea, stomach pain or headache in some people. Pregnant or breast-feeding women should avoid it, and it shouldn't be taken by anyone with epilepsy or another seizure disorder. It may raise the risk of bleeding and shouldn't be combined with blood-thinning medications. Primrose oil could also interact with drugs prescribed for high blood pressure, depression or seizures. If you're approaching or in menopause and have questions about evening primrose oil, talk to your doctor to decide if the oil might be helpful for you.

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Chronic Anxiety Symptoms

Overview

Chronic anxiety differs from ordinary anxiety because it can affect a person’s daily activities, family life and work or school performance. Anxiety can arise now and then when stressful situations occur; however, chronic anxiety, which often is referred to as generalized anxiety disorder, causes a person to have exaggerated concerns about issues that don’t warrant excessive worries, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) explains.

A woman looking worried. Photo Credit Purestock/Purestock/Getty Images.

Constant Worry

A person with anxiety about everyday problems on a daily basis for six months or more usually is said to have chronic anxiety or generalized anxiety disorder. The worries are often about health, finances, work-related issues or family problems, the NIMH notes. Often, people with the disorder know they are exaggerating their problems but still can’t shake their concerns.

Mental Difficulties

People with chronic anxiety have difficulty concentrating or making decisions, mostly because they are too concerned about their excessive or even imagined worries. They often are unable to relax and can startle easily because of their concerns, Psych Central points out. They may feel fatigued, suffer from depression and have difficulty sleeping or find themselves waking up in the middle of the night. They can become restless or irritable because they often feel on edge. Some people may create anxiety by thinking about what lies ahead for them during the day.

Physical Effects

Worries may generate physical symptoms that include tightness in the muscles, pains in the back of the neck or headaches, according to NetDoctor. There may be difficulty swallowing or a feeling that there is a lump in the throat, trembling, twitching, sweating, nausea, dizziness or shortness of breath. Some people with chronic anxiety may experience feelings of numbness, pins and needles or pain in the arms and other areas of the body. Symptoms such as a racing heart may make them think they are having a heart attack. Chronic anxiety also can lead to other physical disorders such as digestive or bowel problems, the Mayo Clinic explains. People who are anxious most of the time may develop an unconscious, nervous habit of grinding the teeth during sleep or during stressful situations.

Co-Existing Signs

Generalized anxiety disorder usually does not occur alone, the NIMH says. Depression or substance abuse may accompany the disorder. Drug or alcohol abuse can cause more symptoms or intensify chronic anxiety's symptoms. Caffeine and nicotine also may affect it. At the same time, chronic anxiety can lead to or worsen other mental and health conditions.

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Kidney Detox Symptoms

Overview

Detoxifying the body is an ideal way to eliminate toxic substances that build up in the organs and prevent your system from functioning at its best. Some of the best ways to detoxify are through using herbs or enemas, fasting, or eating fresh fruits and vegetables that help flush out waste products. Detoxifying the kidneys helps them absorb nutrients and filter toxins more efficiently. A kidney detox that helps sweep out an overload of protein and other burdensome substances can be key to helping you feel your optimum best. As with many things, arriving at this desirable goal is not necessarily easy or comfortable.

Woman with headache holding her head Photo Credit SIphotography/iStock/Getty Images.

Physical Symptoms

We are all different, and so our reactions to detoxifying the kidneys may take a variety of forms, depending on our physical makeup. The most common physical symptoms that occur from a kidney detox are headache, bad breath, body odor, nausea, dizziness, depression, moodiness, fatigue, diarrhea, gas, insomnia and thirst. More acute symptoms can include rashes, aches and pains.

Cravings

As the kidneys detoxify, cravings for various foods may arise. Often, this is the deal breaker during a cleansing, as many of us do not have the willpower to resist such cravings. If the sensation arises, it is best to avoid any contact with the foods you crave. Drinking copious quantities of water and appropriate juices can help fight your cravings. Exercise and breathing techniques are also excellent, helpful and essential ways to keep yourself on track.

Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are often passed during a kidney detox diet program. These stones can indicate an imbalance between calcium and magnesium in your body. When you pass stones as a result of a detoxification diet, these crystals can place pressure on the urinary tract, especially if they are large. As you eliminate stones, you may feel nauseous and experience pain in the groin as they pass through your system and out of the body. As stones move down the urethra, you may feel the need to urinate more often, along with a burning sensation when you do. If you experience fever and chills, you may have an infection, in which case, contacting your health care provider is recommended.

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How to Use Cinnamon Tablets to Lower Cholesterol

Cinnamon in a tablet or capsule form is a little different than what you sprinkle on your toast in the morning. The cinnamon in a supplement does not have sugar or fillers and is a raw extract of Cinnamomum aromaticum bark, also known as true cinnamon or cassia bark. The Mayo Clinic says medical science has yet to prove that cinnamon lowers blood cholesterol. Some studies, such as one from 2006 in the “European Journal of Clinical Investigation,” conclude that raw cinnamon extract may improve total cholesterol for those with type 2 diabetes. However, a small amount of cinnamon a day may, in theory, help your body process sugar and fat to lower your cholesterol level.

Cinnamon supplements contain extract from cinnamon bark. Photo Credit welcomia/iStock/Getty Images

Step 1

Purchase a cinnamon supplement from a local health food store. Details to look for when selecting the proper product include the terms “true cinnamon,” “cassia bark” or “cinnamon bark extract.” Also, try to select a product fortified with nutrients to add to your daily requirements, such as calcium.

Step 2

Test your cholesterol level before beginning the supplement program. Testing your level will give you a base and allow you to know if the program is working and your cholesterol is going down.

Step 3

Read the packaging with the product you selected for proper dosage information. Many will recommend one or two tablets after every meal or one to three tablets a day. Take the supplement with a full glass of water. Follow the instructions on the bottle.

Step 4

Repeat the process every day for one month to six weeks. Retest your blood cholesterol level to see if there is any significant change.

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