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Friday, 3 June 2016

UV protection effects of phenolic extracts from chestnut fruit and forest industries residues

Title
UV protection effects of phenolic extracts from chestnut fruit and forest industries residues

Author
Cristina Galiñanes , M. Sonia Freire , Julia González-Álvarez
European journal of wood and wood products 2015 v.73 no.6 pp. 731-739

Abstract


Extracts from different lignocellulosic sources were applied in the wood veneer dyeing process with the aim of preventing colour changes caused by ultraviolet (UV) degradation. Chestnut (Castanea sativa) fruit shell and bur, and barks from Pinus pinaster, Eucalyptus globulus and Quercus frainetto extracted using water or aqueous solutions of sodium sulphite and/or sodium hydroxide were used. Wood veneers from ash (Fraxinus excelsior), koto (Pterygota bequaertii) and lime (Tilia cordata) were dyed, treated with extracts and subjected to accelerated exposure to UV light for variable lengths of time. The colour degradation was measured and the results were studied using cluster analysis. Pinus pinaster bark extracts were the best protectors for dyed veneers. Chemical changes due to UV exposure were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The degraded untreated wood increased its functional groups rich in oxygen, that is, photo-oxidation occurred. Nevertheless chemical bonding of wood treated with extracts hardly underwent changes.

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The Best Soups to Lose Weight

The Best Soups to Lose Weight
A bowl of vegetable soup with a broth base on the table. Photo Credit imagospot/iStock/Getty Images
Losing weight can be challenging because diets can be boring or require you to cook complicated meals. Including soups on your weight-loss diet expands your options, and they are easy to make in large batches ahead of time so that you do not have to spend long hours in the kitchen when you are busy with other things. Have soup for lunch or dinner with a salad, or serve yourself a bowl for an afternoon snack.

Control Your Calories with Clear Soups

Eating too many calories will prevent you from losing weight, so the best soups for weight loss are low in calories. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests choosing broth-based or bouillon-based soups to keep your calories in check. Soups with cream or cheese, such as cream of chicken soup, corn or clam chowder and broccoli cheese soup, can be high in calories and poor choices when you are trying to lose weight. You can thicken your soup without adding many calories by mixing in pureed pumpkin or cooked winter squash.

Fill Up on Fiber

The best soups for losing weight are high in fiber because dietary fiber has a satiating effect that can help you eat less. Beans and vegetables are high-fiber options that you can add to soup without a large jump in calories. One-half cup of mixed vegetables contains only 59 calories and provides 4 grams of fiber, or 16 percent of the daily value based on a 2,000-calorie diet. Make a mixed cabbage soup with beans, tomato soup with bell peppers or chicken soup with cauliflower and green beans.

Delay Hunger With Protein

Protein slows the emptying of food from the stomach so that you stay full for longer after your meal than you would after a meal without much protein. Lean proteins are best bet for weight loss. Try an Asian-inspired shrimp soup with snow peas, bok choy and mushrooms, or add leftover cooked lean ground turkey to spinach, tomato and basil soup. Tofu and cooked chicken breast and fish are other lean protein options that you can add to soups on a weight-loss diet. Avoid fatty meats, such as fatty cuts of beef, because they are higher in calories and less likely to help you lose weight.

Healthy Considerations

Eat soup instead of higher-calorie dishes in order to lose weight. Also, be careful not to inadvertently up the calorie count with additions such as croutons, soup crackers or full-fat cheese. Sodium does not add calories or affect your weight loss, but a high-sodium diet can contribute to higher blood pressure and an increased risk for heart disease, stroke and kidney disease, according to the publication "Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010." Choose low-sodium soup, or make your soup with low-sodium broth.
www.livestrong.com

Healthy Bachelor Meals

Healthy Bachelor Meals
Many bachelors only need to learn self-confidence to become good cooks.Photo Credit young man in kitchen with steel kettle image by Pavel Losevsky from <a href='http://www.fotolia.com'>Fotolia.com</a>
If you live alone and would like to expand your menu to include more than fast food, take out and frozen dinners, you can try many simple and healthy meals. You learn to cook through experimentation and following recipes. Feel free to substitute ingredients as you try out cooking methods and recipe ideas. Keep trying new foods and recipes, and soon you will be able to cook nutritious meals you can look forward to all day.

Roast Chicken with Potatoes and Vegetables

Preparing a chicken for roasting can be done in about 5 minutes. Remove the insides from a whole chicken, rinse and pat dry. Place the breast side up in a large roasting dish and sprinkle with salt and pepper. Cover and roast at 425 degrees Fahrenheit for 1 hour and 15 minutes. Use a meat thermometer to ensure that the internal temperature reaches 160 degrees before serving. A microwave-baked potato and heated frozen vegetables add fiber and vitamins to your meal. Experiment with different seasonings or try stuffing the cavity of the chicken with garlic cloves or lemon slices. For the best health, peel the skin away from the meat because it contains several grams of unhealthy saturated fat.

Frozen Foods Casserole

Using frozen foods to prepare meals can reduce how much time it takes and can also increase the nutrition of your meal. Spray a large casserole dish with nonstick cooking spray. Brown extra lean ground beef with chopped onions and garlic. Layer the bottom of the casserole with frozen cubed potatoes. Look for ones with the skin on to increase your fiber and potassium intake. Add the cooked ground beef and a variety of frozen vegetables, such as green beans, peas, corn or carrots, each of which supplies some fiber. In a small bowl, whisk together 2 cups low-salt beef broth and 3 tablespoons of flour. Pour over the vegetables and stir to combine. Cook in a 350 degree Fahrenheit oven until hot and bubbly, 35 to 45 minutes. Serve with whole wheat rolls.

Grilled Feast

You can use a gas or charcoal grill to prepare a quick, simple and nutritious meal full of protein, fiber and vitamins. Rub a trimmed steak with a combination of coarse black pepper, sea salt and cayenne pepper. Let sit while preparing the other ingredients and heating the grill. Preheat the grill to medium-high heat. Pierce one or two russet or sweet potatoes with a knife and bake in the microwave until soft, 4 to 6 minutes. Brush with olive oil and sprinkle with sea salt. Spray a large piece of foil with nonstick cooking spray. Chop several types of vegetables such as bell peppers, onions, carrots, asparagus or broccoli and place on the foil. Roll closed. Place vegetables close to the heat and cook for about 10 minutes. Add potatoes and steak to the second rack and cook for 5 minutes. Flip the steak and continue cooking until it reaches your desired doneness. Be cautious about allowing the meat to char, which can create carcinogens linked to some types of cancer.

Breakfast for Dinner

If you enjoy waffles or pancakes, there is no reason you cannot eat them for dinner. Prepare a batch of waffles or pancakes using a prepared mix and following the package directions. Serve your breakfast with a variety of nutritious ingredients. Spoon fresh or frozen berries over the top of your waffles or serve your pancakes with peanut butter instead of butter. Add sliced apples or bananas to the peanut butter to up the fiber and potassium content. Experiment with different ingredients to find new combinations you enjoy.
www.livestrong.com

Preparation of poly(vinyl phosphate-b-styrene) copolymers and its blend with PPO as proton exchange membrane for DMFC applications Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Title
Preparation of poly(vinyl phosphate-b-styrene) copolymers and its blend with PPO as proton exchange membrane for DMFC applications
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)

Author 
Li, Guang Hua; Cho, Chang Gi [Center for Advanced Functional Polymers, Department of Fiber and Polymer Engineering, Hanyang University (Korea, Republic of); Lee, Chang Hyun; Lee, Young Moo [Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791 (Korea, Republic of)

Published Date 
2006-04-15

Abstract 

Poly(vinyl phosphate-b-styrene) (poly(VPP-b-St)) block copolymers were prepared via consecutive telomerization of vinyl acetate (VAc), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with styrene, saponification, and phosphorylation with phosphorus oxychloride. The resulting block copolymers were characterized by FT-IR and pH titration. Then, the block copolymers were blended with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) to prepare direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) membrane. The performance of poly(VPP-b-St)/PPO blendmembranes was measured in terms of proton conductivity, methanol permeability, thermal and hydrolytic stability. The proton conductivities were in the range of 10{sup -4} to 10{sup -2} S/cm (60C, RH=95%); the methanol permeabilities were in the range of 4.14x10{sup -8} to 9.62x10{sup -8} cm{sup 2}/s (25C), and quite lower than that of Nafion(R) 117. Also, the thermal stability of the blend membranes was characterized by TGA, and was stable up to 400C; the blend membranes had better hydrolytic stability. (author)



For further details log on website :
https://www.etde.org/etdeweb/details.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=20846235

Effect of homopolymer poly(vinyl acetate) on compatibility and mechanical properties of poly(propylene carbonate)/poly(lactic acid) blends

Title
Effect of homopolymer poly(vinyl acetate) on compatibility and mechanical properties of poly(propylene carbonate)/poly(lactic acid) blends
OpenAIRE

Author 
Gao, J.; Fu, Q.; Bai, H.; Zhang, Q.; Gao, Y.; Chen, L  (2012)
Publisher: Budapest University of Technology
Journal: eXPRESS Polymer Letters
Languages: English
Types: Article
Subjects:  Mechanical propertiespoly(propylene carbonate)poly(lactic acid)poly(vinyl acetate)compatibilityMaterials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materialsTA401-492Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineeringTK1-9971TechnologyTDOAJ:MaterialsDOAJ:Technology and EngineeringChemical technologyTP1-1185DOAJ:Chemical Technology

Published Date 
2012-01-01

Abstract 

A small amount of homopolymer poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) is used to compatibilize the biodegradable blends of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show that PVAc is selectively localized in the PLA phase and at the interface between PPC and PLA phases. As a result, these interface-localized PVAc layers act as not only a compatibilizer to improve the phase dispersion significantly but also a bridge to increase the interfacial adhesion between PPC and PLA phases dramatically. Both of them are believed to be responsible for the enhancement in mechanical properties. This work provides a simple avenue to fabricate eco-friendly PPC/PLA blends with high performance, and in some cases, reducing the demand for petroleumbased plastics such as polypropylene.


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https://www.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doajarticles::7754ed47ef50bee3224d7cbbf63b5b01

Studies on physical properties and fractography of electron beam irradiated poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend in the presence of trimethylolpropane triacrylate

Title
Studies on physical properties and fractography of electron beam irradiated poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend in the presence of trimethylolpropane triacrylate
International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 

Abstract 

The effect of irradiation on the 50/50 poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend was studied in the presence of 3 phr trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). The blend was irradiated by using a 3.0 MeV electron beam machine at doses ranging from 20 to 200 kGy in air and room temperature. The tensile properties, resilience and gel fractions of the blends were measured. Electron beam irradiation of the blend in the presence of the TMPTA were found to cause crosslinking which in effect caused an enhancement in modulus and gel fraction together with a concomitant decline in ultimate elongation. The irradiation has resulted in a less hysteretic poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend, with increased rebound resilience. The tensile strength of the blend reached a maximum at 60 kGy followed by a slight decrease at higher doses, implying embrittlement due to the excessive crosslinking. The scanning electron micrographs of the fracture surfaces of the irradiated blends show evidence consistent with the above contention. (Author)


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https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:32037016

Surface Modification of Polymer Blends of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) by Plasma Treatment

Title
Surface Modification of Polymer Blends of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) by Plasma Treatment
International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 


Abstract 

Blends of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) films were exposed by reactive nitrogen gas plasma at different fluences 1013 to 1015 ions/cm2 to understand the effects of low energy ions on the surface modification of polymeric blends. These effects were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), microhardness and atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a function of fluence. The XPS technique was used to study the polymer blend stoichiometry of near surface layers before and after the plasma treatment. The results show that the stoichiometric ratio of O, Cl and C-groups remains approximately constant with the depth for unimplanted samples. A relative enrichment of C occurred in the implanted samples. Scission of C-Cl and C=O bonds were observed. Hardness of the film increases significantly as fluence increases. The true bulk hardness of the film obtained at loads greater than 400 mN. The increase in hardness may be attributed to cross-linking effect. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that the average roughness (Ra) of the film surfaces increases from 13.1 nm to 78.1 nm as fluence increases


For further details log on website :
http://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/p/polyvinyl+alcohol-polyacrylamide+blends.html#

Effect of irradiation on poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend in the presence of additives: FTIR analysis

Title
Effect of irradiation on poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend in the presence of additives: FTIR analysis
International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 

Abstract 

The effect of irradiation on the structure of 50/50 poly(vinyl chloride)/epoxidized natural rubber blend (PVC/ENR) was studied using the Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR). The 50/50 PVC/ENR blend was irradiated by using 3.0 MeV electron beam machine at 0 and 200 kGy irradiation doses. The influence of several additives such as TMPTA, Irganox 1010, and tribasic lead sulfate on the irradiation induced changes of the blend was investigated. It was found that upon irradiation, ring opening of the epoxide groups, oxidation as well crosslinking at residual double bonds occurred, leading to decreases in the intensities of the epoxide and cis double bond bands and an increases in ether and furan bands. The addition of Irganox 1010 and tribasic lead sulfate were found to inhibit the irradiation-induced reaction in the blend to a considerable extent. The importance of TMPTA in preventing the intramolecular ring opening side chain reaction was also discussed. However, studies did not reveal the exact nature of the irradiation-induced reactions involved in the blend. (Author)


For further details log on website :
http://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/p/polyvinyl+alcohol-polyacrylamide+blends.html

How to Get Rid of Eye Bags Caused by Stress

Our emotional struggles can end up being reflected in the way our faces and our bodies look. Stress caused by work, family demands and financial responsibilities may physically be expressed in the form of acne, weight loss or gain, or bags under the eyes. The best way to bag the puffy skin under your eyes is to take better care of your body and your mind. Eating and sleeping right, getting professional help for your stress and applying cold compresses can help you get rid of eye bags that are caused by stress.
How to Get Rid of Eye Bags Caused by Stress
A middle-aged woman meditates in the park. Photo Credit mikanaka/iStock/Getty Images.

Sleep It Off

Eye bags are a culmination of fat and fluid gathering under the thin skin near your lower lids. One cause of this accumulation is an inadequate amount of sleep, which can affect your mood and your decision-making ability, and it can sometimes lead to obesity and disease. Make sure to get at least eight hours of sleep each night in a dark, quiet and comfortable room. If falling asleep is a challenge, try listening to soothing music before bed, and avoid electronic devices such as televisions and computers starting an hour before you go to sleep. You can also consult your doctor about taking an over-the-counter sleep aid when you find that staying asleep is difficult. In addition, try elevating your head with two pillows when you are in bed. The extra slant allows excess fluid to drain downward and keeps your lower lids less puffy.

Take Care of Your Body

Cardiovascular exercise like jogging, or meditation exercise such as yoga, can help reduce stress hormones and increase your mood-enhancing endorphins. In addition, take care of your body by eating more whole grains, fruits, and vegetables rich in vitamin B1, folate and zinc -- all known to help depression, even out your hormones and keep weight in check. To directly reduce eye bags, drink plenty of water, add a daily cup of green tea to your diet, and limit coffee, salt and alcohol intake. According to New York-based dermatologist Dr. Nicholas Perricone, eating antioxidant-rich chocolate can actually help firm up under-eye skin. Also, try getting a massage; massages release the hormone cortisol, and can help lower your blood pressure and lift your mood.

Relax Your Mind

Leave work behind on the weekends and relax your mind. Consider going technology-free for at least one day a week to give your mind a break and allow for more time to relax and enjoy the company of family and friends. Take time to meditate, either alone at home or in a class; meditation helps to balance out your nervous system, take your mind off of your worries, and decrease your stress level. You may also want to seek the help of a professional psychologist or therapist who can identify the root of your stress and help you cope. If money is a source of stress, contact a financial adviser to help you gain more control of your financial situation.

Home Is Where the Remedy Is

Place a cold compress -- a bag of frozen peas, two cold, wet tea bags, or an eye mask chilled in the fridge -- over your eye bags to restrict the blood vessels and temporarily reduce swelling. Keep these items over the eye bags for at least three minutes while sitting upright. While creams and serums won't get rid of eye bags, they may smooth out the skin and make any wrinkling and puffiness less obvious. Concealer can also help camouflage the bags until you get rid of them for good. A yellow-based concealer covers blue marks, while a yellow-peach conceals brown and yellowish hues.
www.livestrong.com

What Is Inside Squeeze Stress Balls?

Stress balls are an excellent way to relieve stress anywhere you are, at any time. Their portability allow you to take them with you to work or school or even out while you're running your daily errands. Coming in a variety of unique shapes, sizes and colors, stress balls have become a hugely popular way to not only relieve stress and tension, but to also give your hands a nice workout.
What Is Inside Squeeze Stress Balls?
Squeezing a soft ball can relieve stress. Photo Credit Creatas Images/Creatas/Getty Images.

Commercially Filled

The most common materials found inside commercially made stress balls are a type of gel or foam. These stress balls are made from a strong, durable rubber coating to ensure that the ball will not break with the repeated squeezing and stretching that comes with normal usage.This durable coating will also prevent any leaks of the gel or foam, which can sometimes be toxic.

Homemade

You can make your own homemade stress balls using balloons and your choice of filling. This allows you to use safe, nontoxic fillers like sand, baking soda, rice, cornstarch or flour. These materials have the malleable properties that are best suited to provide a certain level of resistance within the ball itself. However, homemade stress balls are not as durable as commercial ones and may break more easily and require gentler treatment.

Non-Filled

There are commercial stress balls that are not filled, rather they are made out of a special pliable foam rubber called closed-cell polyurethane foam rubber. The manufacturer injects a special liquid into a mold, resulting in a chemical reaction that creates carbon dioxide bubbles. These bubbles create the foam, which the mold forms into a soft, squishy shape.

Types of Stress Balls

Stress balls come in a great number of different shapes, sizes and colors. Not only can they be filled with different materials, but they can also be made of different outer coatings, varying from latex balloons to a firmer rubber to softer, squishier stress balls made of fabric or other materials. There are also stress balls available that are scented to provide additional stress relief through aromatherapy.

Benefits of Stress Balls

In addition to providing a great tool for relieving stress, stress balls can improve hand and arm strength and also serve as a rehabilitation aid for conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Repeated squeezing of a stress ball can provide you with an increase in manual dexterity in the fingers and hands, as well as increased hand muscle strength. Many people, including surgeons and professional athletes, use stress balls as a simple and effective way to increase hand dexterity.
www.livestrong.com

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...