Within the pages of Build 25 Beautiful Boxes you'll find a selection of gorgeous box making projects for a variety of special uses. There are jewelry boxes and chests, boxes for pens, a wedding ring music box, boxes with unique shapes and other distinctive gift boxes. You'll also find a number of useful sidebars on box making techniques that can be applied to all of your woodworking. Features 25 heirloom wooden box projects; step-by-step technique instructions for many box making applications such as inlay; insightful sidebars and appendices that explore boxmaking and creativity through woodworking.
Lemon juice is a rich source of vitamin C.Photo Credit Anouk de Maar/Cultura/Getty Images
Lemon juice is such a good source of both vitamin C and citric acid that you don’t need to consume a huge amount to get the antioxidant benefits. Citrus fruits are the only sources of flavanones, which add to the antioxidant impact of lemon juice. You can tell from the lip-puckering tartness of unsweetened lemon juice that it’s packed with acids. As a result, overconsumption puts you at risk for dental erosion and an upset gastrointestinal system.
Health Benefits of Vitamin C
Like all citrus fruits, lemons are excellent sources of vitamin C. The juice from one lemon, which is a little more than an ounce and the amount often used to make 1 cup of lemonade, provides about 19 milligrams of vitamin C, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Of course, you may get a little more or less, depending on the amount of lemon juice you consume, but it’s sure to make a good contribution to your recommended dietary allowance. Women should get 75 milligrams of vitamin C daily, while men need 90 milligrams.
Vitamin C is well known as an antioxidant that neutralizes reactive molecules -- free radicals -- before they damage tissues. As an antioxidant, vitamin C also protects molecules such as proteins, fats, carbs and DNA from damage by free radicals. Higher intakes of vitamin C are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Your body also needs vitamin C to produce collagen, which is the connective tissue that supports and strengthens muscles, ligaments, skin and organs.
Citric Acid in Lemon Juice
Lemon juice contains more citric acid than other citrus fruits, according to a 2009 report in the Journal of Endourology. Citric acid is vital for energy production, but normally the body produces all it needs, so citric acid isn’t an essential nutrient. Citric acid from lemon juice still provides health benefits, however. When you consume lemon juice, the amount of citrate in urine increases, which naturally inhibits kidney stones from forming and also breaks down small stones that already exist. On the flip side, low levels of urinary citrate increase the risk of urinary crystallization and the development of kidney stones.
A study published in the Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition in 2007 found that taking citric acid may reduce physical fatigue. Researchers had one group of healthy volunteers take citric acid, a second group received L-carnitine, and a third group got a placebo. After eight weeks, everyone exercised on stationary cycles under controlled conditions, then rated their fatigue. The participants taking citric acid were the only ones who felt less fatigued. Because this study included only 18 total participants, other people may not experience the same results. More research is needed to verify citric acid's role.
Citrus Bioflavonoids Provide Benefits
Lemons contain a group of plant-based flavonoids called flavanones. Like flavonoids found in other fruits and vegetables, the flavanones in lemon juice -- hesperetin, naringenin and eriodictyol -- function as antioxidants and help fight inflammation. Hesperetin shows promise for preventing cancer by inhibiting tumor growth. It may also help treat diabetes and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering high blood pressure and blood levels of lipids, according to a review published in Life Sciences in March 2015.
Citrus fruits are the exclusive sources of flavanones, which is why you may also see them referred to as citrus bioflavonoids. Fresh lemon juice is unique among the other citrus juices because it has the potential to have the lowest and the highest amount of flavanones, with a range of 2 to 175 milligrams per 100 milliliters, or 3.5 ounces. For comparison, fresh orange juice has 5 to 47 milligrams. The wide range is due to differences in storage, preparation and processing, which may cause loss of flavanones.
Dangers of Excessive Lemon Juice
The acids in lemon juice can cause gastrointestinal side effects. Acidic foods may worsen symptoms of gastrointestinal reflux disease, or GERD, and some people get an upset stomach when they consume too much ascorbic acid. The combination of citric acid and ascorbic acid gives lemon juice a pH rating of 2 to 2.6, on a scale where zero represents the most acidic substances and battery acid has a score of 1. The Minnesota Dental Association reports that tooth enamel begins to erode from foods or beverages with a pH of 4, so the acidity of lemon juice can harm your teeth. Protect your teeth by rinsing with water when you’re done drinking lemon juice. It also helps to hold off on brushing for at least an hour to avoid rubbing acids around on your teeth with the toothbrush.
Over the course of 35 years on his show, Roy Underhill has dedicated many of his programs to building clever and useful seating projects. Join us for this 8-hour “best of” presentation of projects for your posterior from The Woodwright’s Shop.
#404The Wainscot Chair — Roy works with his daughter Rachel to create a child-size, 17th-century chair.
#605-606Jacobean Stool — Learn how to create the traditional joinery for a Jacobean stool, and how to complete the turnings and carvings.
#703Country Comfort — Roy shows us the steps to create the perfect outdoor chair – the Adirondack.
#809Danish Folding Stools — Roy shares methods for creating two different classic folding stools that have been popular for centuries.
#905 Gypsy Willow Chairs — This classic rustic chair is easily made by bending green twigs.
#1101-1103Make a Rocking Chair — This three-part project shows the steps to build a classic post-and-rung rocker, from green wood to hickory bark seat.
#1213Moravian Chair — Roy makes a chair that’s reinforced with dovetailed battens, which makes this small piece extraordinarily strong.
#1306-1308Make a Windsor Chair — In this three-part project, Roy builds a variation of the chair allegedly used by Thomas Jefferson while writing the Declaration of Independence.
#1502 Jefferson’s Walking Stick Chair — This walking stick folds out to become a small chair – much like the one used by Thomas Jefferson as he laid out plans for the University of Virginia.
#1703Windsor High Chair — Roy shows you how to make a wonderful Windsor high chair.
#1911Ladder Chair — Roy builds a classic project; a chair that converts into a short ladder.
#2002Turned Corner Chair — This unique 1550s chair design uses an equilateral triangle made up of grooved and turned pinewood frames.
#2403Acadian Chair — The Acadians, forbearers of the Cajuns, brought a clever idea for a chair with them to Louisiana.
Japanning is a deep lacquer finish that originated as a European imitation of Asian lacquerwork. This video covers the steps to create a Japanned finish and goes a step further by adding a gesso and gold flake decorative accent. You’ll learn:
• How to build up the multi-layer lacquer finish on a simple wooden box • How to mix your own gesso for an applied decorative design and then shape it to suit • The steps to create your own pigmented spirit varnish used to adhere the gold leaf • About adding gold leaf and detailing your box • And much more!
Once you start, you’ll be Japanning many of your projects!
Watch a Preview Now:
About the Host: Don Williams is a conservator, educator and craftsman, having worked almost three decades as Senior Furniture Conservator at the Smithsonian Institution. He has published numerous scholarly articles in addition to many in Popular Woodworking Magazine, and is working on a manuscript tentatively titled “The Period Finisher’s Manual” to join his previous books: “To Make As Perfectly As Possible,” an annotated translation of J.A. Roubo’s 1765 masterpiece “l’Art du menuisier,” “Virtuoso: The Tool Cabinet and Workbench of Henry O. Studley,” and “Saving Stuff: How to Care for and Preserve Your Collectibles, Heirlooms, and Other Prized Possessions.
aCentro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
bUniversidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, 36571-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Received 19 October 2015. Revised 1 April 2016. Accepted 11 April 2016. Available online 26 April 2016.
Highlights
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The two studied eucalypt woods showed potential for production of briquettes.
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Briquetting compacting pressure had little influence on their properties.
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Lowest pressure produced good quality briquettes for untreated heat treated wood.
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Mild torrefaction increased particles and briquettes' energy potential.
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Briquettes' density, dimensional stability and hygroscopicity improved with treatment.
Abstract
The heat treatment of wood (i.e. torrefaction) followed by densification of wood particles (e.g. by briquetting) may be used as a process to improve homogeneity and energy properties of wood for use as a solid fuel. The wood of Eucalyptus grandisand Eucalyptus spp. were treated at 180, 200 and 220 °C for 60 min under a nitrogen atmosphere. Briquettes were produced with untreated and heat-treated wood particles using 120 °C, for 7 min pressing and 6 min cooling time, under pressures of 6.9, 10.3 and 13.8 MPa. The briquetting compacting pressure showed no significant influence on the briquettes properties. Briquettes density was similar for all cases presenting 1.14 g cm−3 for Eucalyptus spp. and 1.06 g cm−3 for Eucalyptus grandiswood. A mild torrefaction of the wood at 200–220 °C increased the potential energy of the particles and briquettes, showing an improvement in their density, dimensional stability and hygroscopicity. Briquettes produced from heat-treated Eucalyptus spp. wood presented higher energy density (24.79 GJ m−3) at 200°C-treatment when compared with untreated wood (20.76 GJ m−3). Regarding E. grandis, briquettes produced with heat-treated (200 °C) particles showed only a marginal higher energy content than with untreated wood, 21.70 GJ m−3 and 21.38 GJ m−3, respectively. The two eucalypt woods showed differences regarding the heat treatment and briquetting, pointing out that the optimization of these processes should be specific for each species. However, a mild torrefaction of the wood particles decreased the differences between materials which might be useful as a process to increase feedstock homogeneity when using mixed raw-materials.
Published Date September 2016, Vol.216:317–322,doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.096 Title Effect of autohydrolysis on the wettability, absorbility and further alkali impregnation of poplar wood chips
Author
Ningpan Xu
Wei Liu
Qingxi Hou,
Peiyun Wang
Zhirong Yao
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
Received 30 March 2016. Revised 6 May 2016. Accepted 7 May 2016. Available online 25 May 2016.
Highlights
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Autohydrolysis with different severity factors for poplar wood chips was done.
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Absorbed amount of NaOH solution in the autohydrolyzed chips were increased.
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Wettability and absorbility of the autohydrolyzed poplar wood chips were improved.
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Autohydrolysis can promote NaOH impregnation of the poplar wood chips.
Abstract
Autohydrolysis with different severity factors was performed on poplar wood chips prior to pulping, and the wettability, absorbility and the following impregnation of NaOH solution for the poplar wood chips were then investigated. The results showed that after autohydrolysis pretreatment the porosity, shrinkage and fiber saturation point (FSP) of the poplar wood chips were increased, while the surface contact angle decreased as the severity factor was increased. The autohydrolyzed chips absorbed more NaOH in impregnation that resulted in a low NaOH concentration in the bulk impregnation liquor (i.e., the impregnation liquor outside wood chips), while the concentration in the entrapped liquor (i.e., the impregnation liquor inside wood chips) was increased. Autohydrolysis substantially improved the effectiveness of alkali impregnation.
