Flammability and flame-retardant mechanism of high density polyethylene/wood fiber/modified ammonium polyphosphate composite

Published Date

• First published: 1 June 2016Full publication history
• DOI: 10.1002/pc.24048View/save citation

Author Wenlong Liu,Dongxia Wang,Yin Zhang,Ting Bai,Jing Li


Abstract

Fabrication and characterization of a novel high density polyethylene/wood fiber/modified ammonium polyphosphate (HDPE/WF/MAPP) composite have been carried out. The flammability of the composite is characterized by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), and cone calorimetry. The flame-retardant mechanism is investigated by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electronic micrograph (SEM).The results indicate that, with the optimum formulation, the LOI and UL-94 of the HDPE/WF/MAPP composite are 38.0% and V-0 rating, respectively. Comparing with HDPE/WF, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) of the HDPE/WF/MAPP composite decreases from 432 to 166 kW m−2, and total heat release (THR) decreases from 66 to 33 MJ m−2. Cone calorimeter analysis suggest that the smoke production rate (SPR), total smoke production (TSP), mass loss rate (MLR), and time to ignition (TTI) of the HDPE/WF/MAPP system significantly decrease. In addition, the thermal stabilities of the composite are studied by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), which shows there are two stages decomposition during the thermal degradation process. With the addition of MAPP, char residue of the composite increase from 12.06 to 34.67%. The char residue containing P-OH, P-N-C, P-O-P, P-O-C, and aryl groups can directly affect the flame retardance. The flexural modulus of the HDPE/WF/MAPP system is improved greatly in the presence of MAPP. POLYM. COMPOS., 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers


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Mechanical performance and flame retardancy of polypropylene composites containing zeolite and multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Published Date

• First published: 12 October 2015Full publication history
• DOI: 10.1002/app.42875View/save citation

Author
Qing Zhao,Yanhong Hu,Xingyi Wang

Abstract

Intumescent-flame-retarded polypropylene (PP-IFR) composites were prepared by the incorporation of methyl hydrogen siloxane treated ammonium polyphosphate and dipentaerythritol in a twin-screw extruder. The effects of zeolite (Z), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene on the flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of PP-IFR were investigated. The addition of Z and CNT promoted the flame retardancy of PP-IFR, and the highest limited oxygen index was 35.6%, obtained on PP-M-IFR-2–Z, for which the heat-release rate, total heat release, and smoke production rate based on cone calorimetry analyses decreased by 45.0, 51.0, and 66.3%, respectively, in comparison with those values of the PP-IFR composites. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that there was a good interface interaction between the polypropylene matrix and additives. The flexural, tensile, and impact strengths of the PP-IFR composites were improved significantly with the incorporation of CNT. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42875.



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Thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene/wood-flour composites

Published Date
First published: 29 September 2010Full publication history

• DOI: 10.1002/app.32985

Author
Diène Ndiaye,Laurent M. Matuana,Sandrine Morlat-Therias,Loïc Vidal,Adams Tidjani,Jean-Luc Gardette

Abstract

In this research, polypropylene/wood-flour composites (WPCs) were blended with different contents of wood and/or maleated polypropylene (MAPP) and clay. We found that the addition of MAPP or clay in the formulation greatly improved the dispersion of the wood fibers in the composite; this suggested that MAPP or clay may have played the role of an adhesion promoter in the WPCs. The results obtained with clay indicate that it also acted as a flame retardant. The thermal tests carried out with the produced samples showed an increased crystallization temperature (Tc), crystallinity, and melting temperature (Tm) with wood loading. The increase of the two former parameters was explained by the incorporation of wood flour, which played the role of nucleating agent and induced the crystallization of the matrix polymer. On the other hand, the Tm increase was ascribed to the insulating properties of wood, which hindered the movement of heat conduction. The effects of UV irradiation on Tm and Tc were also examined. Tc increased with UV exposure time; this implied that UV degradation generated short chains with low molecular weight that could move easily in the bulk of the sample and, thus, catalyze early crystallization. The flexural strength and modulus increased with increasing wood-flour content. In contrast, the impact strength and tensile strength and strain decreased with increasing wood-flour content. All of these changes were related to the level of dispersion of the wood flour in the polymeric matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011


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Efficient ethanol production from separated parenchyma and vascular bundle of oil palm trunk.

Published Date

Bioresour Technol. 2012 Dec;125:37-42. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.136. Epub 2012 Sep 7.

Title 

Efficient ethanol production from separated parenchyma and vascular bundle of oil palm trunk.

Author 

Prawitwong P1, Kosugi A, Arai T, Deng L, Lee KC, Ibrahim D, Murata Y, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Sudesh K, Ibrahim WA, Saito M, Mori Y.

Abstract

For efficient utilization of both starchy and cellulosic materials, oil palm trunk was separated into parenchyma (PA) and vascular bundle (VB). High solid-state simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (HSS-SSF) using 30% (w/v) PA, containing 46.7% (w/w) starch, supplemented with amylases and Saccharomyces cerevisiae K3, produced 6.1% (w/v) ethanol. Subsequent alkali-pretreatment using sodium hydroxide was carried out with starch-free PA (sfPA) and VB. Enzymatic digestibility of 5% (w/v) pretreated sfPA and VB was 92% and 97%, respectively, using 18 FPU of commercial cellulase supplemented with 10 U of Novozyme-188 per gram of substrate. Likewise, HSS-SSF using 30% (w/v) alkali-pretreated sfPA and VB, with cellulases and yeast, resulted in high ethanol production (8.2% and 8.5% (w/v), respectively). These results show that HSS-SSF using separated PA and VB is a useful fermentation strategy, without loss of starchy and cellulosic materials, for oil palm trunk.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023235

Oil palm biomass-based adsorbents for the removal of water pollutants--a review.

Published Date

J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2011 Jul;29(3):177-222. doi: 10.1080/10590501.2011.601847.

Title 

Oil palm biomass-based adsorbents for the removal of water pollutants--a review.

Author 

Ahmad T1, Rafatullah M, Ghazali A, Sulaiman O, Hashim R.

Abstract

This article presents a review on the role of oil palm biomass (trunks, fronds, leaves, empty fruit bunches, shells, etc.) as adsorbents in the removal of water pollutants such as acid and basic dyes, heavy metals, phenolic compounds, various gaseous pollutants, and so on. Numerous studies on adsorption properties of various low-cost adsorbents, such as agricultural wastes and its based activated carbons, have been reported in recent years. Studies have shown that oil palm-based adsorbent, among the low-cost adsorbents mentioned, is the most promising adsorbent for removing water pollutants. Further, these bioadsorbents can be chemically modified for better efficiency and can undergo multiple reuses to enhance their applicability at an industrial scale. It is evident from a literature survey of more than 100 recent papers that low-cost adsorbents have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for various pollutants. The conclusion is been drawn from the reviewed literature, and suggestions for future research are proposed.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21929380

Palm Oil

What is it?

Palm oil is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree.

Palm oil is used for preventing vitamin A deficiency, cancer, brain disease, aging; and treating malaria, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and cyanide poisoning. Palm oil is used for weight loss and increasing the body’s metabolism.

As food, palm oil is used for frying.

Industrially, palm oil is used for manufacturing cosmetics, soaps, toothpaste, waxes, lubricants, and ink. 

How effective is it?

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate.

The effectiveness ratings for PALM OIL are as follows:

Possibly effective for...

• Preventing a lack of vitamin A (vitamin A deficiency). There is some evidence that adding palm oil to the diet of pregnant women and children in developing countries might reduce the risk of developing vitamin A deficiency.

Possibly ineffective for...

• High cholesterol. Consuming palm oil as part of a specific diet plan does not seem to reduce cholesterol levels in people with high cholesterol. In fact, some research suggests that palm oil might actually increase cholesterol levels compared to other oils, such as soybean, canola, or sunflower oil.
• Malaria. Some research suggests that dietary consumption of palm oil by children under 5 years of age in developing countries does not seem to decrease symptoms of malaria. 

Insufficient evidence to rate effectiveness for...

• High blood pressure.
• Cyanide poisoning.
• Weight loss agent.
• Cancer.
• Anti-aging.
• Brain disease.
• Other conditions.

More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of palm oil for these uses.

How does it work?

Palm oil contains saturated and unsaturated fats, vitamin E, and beta-carotene. It might have antioxidant effects.

Are there safety concerns?

Palm oil is LIKELY SAFE when consumed in amounts found in foods. It is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken as medicine by children or adults for up to 6 months.

Special precautions & warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Palm oil is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken as a medicine during pregnancy for up to 6 months.

Are there interactions with medications?

Moderate

Be cautious with this combination.

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)

Palm oil might increase blood clotting. Taking palm oil along with medications that slow clotting might reduce the effectiveness of these medications.

Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox) heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), and others.

Are there interactions with herbs and supplements?

Beta-carotene

Palm oil contains beta-carotene. There is some concern that taking beta-carotene supplements along with palm oil might result in too much beta-carotene and an increased risk of harmful side effects.

Vitamin A

Palm oil contains beta-carotene, which is a building block of vitamin A. There is some concern that taking a vitamin A or beta-carotene supplement along with palm oil might result in too much vitamin A and an increased risk of harmful side effects.

Are there interections with foods?

There are no known interactions with foods.

What dosed is used?

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

BY MOUTH:

• For preventing vitamin A deficiency: about 3 tablespoons (9 grams) per day of palm oil for adults and children over age 5. About 4 tablespoons (12 grams) per day for pregnant women. For children less than 5 years old, 2 tablespoons (6 grams) per day.

Other Names

Aceite de Palma, African Palm Oil, Crude Palm Oil, Elaeis guineensis, Elaeis melanococca, Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil, Huile de Palme, Huile de Palme Brute, Huile de Palme Rouge, Huile de Palmiste, Main Ja, Oil Palm Tree, Palm, Palm Fruit Oil, Palm Kernel Oil, Palm Oil Carotene, Palmier à Huile, Red Palm Oil.

Methodology

To learn more about how this article was written, please see the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database methodology.

References

1. Alfatni, M. S. M., Shariff, A. R. M., Shafri, H. Z. M., Ben Saaed, O. M., and Eshanta, O. M. Oil Palm Fruit Bunch Grading System Using Red, Green and Blue Digital Number. Journal of Applied Sciences 2008;8:1444-1452.
2. Pletcher, J. Public interventions in agricultural markets in Malaysia: rice and palm oil. Modern Asian Studies 1990;24:323-340.
3. Hinds, E. A. Government policy and the Nigerian palm oil export industry, 1939-49. Journal of African History 1997;38:459-478.
4. Lynn, M. The profitability of the early Nineteenth Century palm oil trade. African Economic History 1992;20:77-97.
5. Lynn, M. Change and continuity in the British palm oil trade with West Africa, 1830-55. Journal of African History 1981;22:331-348.
6. Lynn, M. Bristol, West Africa, and the Nineteenth-Century Palm Oil Trade. Historical Research 1991;64:359-374.
7. Sanders, J. Palm oil production on the gold coast in the aftermath of the slave trade: a case study of the Fante. International Journal of African Historical Studies 1982;15:49-63.
8. Skagerlind, P. and Holmberg, K. Effect of the surfactant on enzymatic hydrolysis of palm oil in microemulsion. Journal of Dispersion Sciences and Technology 1994;15:317-332.
9. Khosla, P. and Hayes, K. C. Pa
10. Sundram, K., Hayes, K. C., and Siru, O. H. Both dietary 18:2 and 16:0 may be required to improve the serum LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio in normocholesterolemic men. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 1995;6:179-187.

Show more references

Last reviewed - 02/16/2015

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Characterization of oil-palm trunk residue degradation enzymes derived from the isolated fungus, Penicillium rolfsii c3-2(1) IBRL.

Published Date

Environ Technol. 2016;37(12):1550-8. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1120786. Epub 2016 Jan 8.

Title 

Characterization of oil-palm trunk residue degradation enzymes derived from the isolated fungus, Penicillium rolfsii c3-2(1) IBRL.

Author 

Lee KC1, Arai T2, Ibrahim D3, Deng L2, Murata Y2, Mori Y2, Kosugi A2.

Abstract

This study characterizes crude enzymes derived from Penicillium rolfsii c3-2(1) IBRL, a mesophilic fungus isolated from the local soil of Malaysia. Prior to enzyme activity evaluation, P. rolfsii c3-2(1) IBRL was inoculated into a broth medium containing oil-palm trunk residues for the preparation of crude enzymes. Oil-palm trunk residues were optimally hydrolysed at pH5.0 and 50°C. P. rolfsii c3-2(1) IBRL-derived crude enzymes displayed higher thermal stability compared with the commercial enzymes, Celluclast 1.5 L and Acellerase 1500. Moreover, the hydrolysing activities of the P. rolfsii c3-2(1) IBRL-derived crude enzymes (xylan, arabinan, and laminarin) were superior compared to that of Celluclast 1.5 L and Acellerase 1500, and exhibit 2- to 3-fold and 3- to 4-fold higher oil-palm trunk residues-hydrolysing specific activity, respectively. This higher hydrolysis efficiency may be attributed to the weak 'lignin-binding' ability of the P. rolfsii c3-2(1) IBRL-derived enzymes compared to the commercial enzymes.

For further details log on website :
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26582429

Oil palm trunk and sugarcane bagasse derived solid acid catalysts for rapid esterification of fatty acids and moisture-assisted transesterification of oils under pseudo-infinite methanol.

Published Date

Bioresour Technol. 2014 Apr;157:254-62. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.110. Epub 2014 Feb 4.

Title 

Oil palm trunk and sugarcane bagasse derived solid acid catalysts for rapid esterification of fatty acids and moisture-assisted transesterification of oils under pseudo-infinite methanol.

Author 

Ezebor F1, Khairuddean M2, Abdullah AZ3, Boey PL1.

Abstract

The use of pseudo-infinite methanol in increasing the rate of esterification and transesterification reactions was studied using oil palm trunk (OPT) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) derived solid acid catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by incomplete carbonisation at 400°C for 8h, followed by sulfonation at 150°C for 15h and characterised using TGA/DTA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, EA and titrimetric determinations of acid sites. Under optimal reaction conditions, the process demonstrated rapid esterification of palmitic acid, with FAME yields of 93% and 94% in 45min for OPT and SCB catalysts, respectively. With the process, moisture levels up to 16.7% accelerated the conversion of low FFA oils by sulfonated carbon catalysts, through moisture-induced violent bumping. Moisture assisted transesterification of palm olein containing 1.78% FFA and 8.33% added water gave FAME yield of 90% in 10h, which was two folds over neat oil.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24561631

Fermentative l-lactic acid production from pretreated whole slurry of oil palm trunk treated by hydrothermolysis and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis.

Published Date

Bioresour Technol. 2015 Jun;185:143-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.060. Epub 2015 Feb 26.

Title 

Fermentative l-lactic acid production from pretreated whole slurry of oil palm trunk treated by hydrothermolysis and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis.

Author 

Eom IY1, Oh YH1, Park SJ2, Lee SH3, Yu JH4.

Abstract

A simple and cost-effective biochemical conversion process consisting of hydrothermal treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated whole slurry (PWS) was developed for producing l-lactic acid (L-LA) from oil palm trunk (OPT). When OPT was hydrothermally treated at optimal condition capable of achieving maximum yield of hemicellulosic sugars after enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzymatic digestibility of the PWS afforded a yield of 81.4% of the theoretical glucose yield (TGY). However, glucose yield from washed pretreated solid (WPS) was only 43.5% of TGY. The use of two hydrolysates from PWS and WPS for fermentation by Lactobacillus paracasei engineered to selectively produce L-LA afforded yields of 89.5% and 45.8% of the theoretical LA yield (TLY), respectively. This study confirmed the inevitable extensive sugar loss during washing of pretreated slurry due to loss of soluble starch. Alternatively, the proposed design process is considered suitable for converting OPT to L-LA without such starch loss.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25768416

Isolation, screening, and identification of potential cellulolytic and xylanolytic producers for biodegradation of untreated oil palm trunk and its application in saccharification of lemongrass leaves.

Published Date

Prep Biochem Biotechnol. 2015;45(3):279-305. doi: 10.1080/10826068.2014.923443.

Title 

Isolation, screening, and identification of potential cellulolytic and xylanolytic producers for biodegradation of untreated oil palm trunk and its application in saccharification of lemongrass leaves.

Author 

Ang SK1, Yahya A, Abd Aziz S, Md Salleh M.

Author information

• 1a Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering (FBME) , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai , Johor , Malaysia.

Abstract

This study presents the isolation and screening of fungi with excellent ability to degrade untreated oil palm trunk (OPT) in a solid-state fermentation system (SSF). Qualitative assay of cellulases and xylanase indicates notable secretion of both enzymes by 12 fungal strains from a laboratory collection and 5 strains isolated from a contaminated wooden board. High production of these enzymes was subsequently quantified in OPT in SSF. Aspergillus fumigates SK1 isolated from cow dung gives the highest xylanolytic activity (648.448 U g(-1)), generally high cellulolytic activities (CMCase: 48.006, FPase: 6.860, beta-glucosidase: 16.328 U g(-1)) and moderate lignin peroxidase activity (4.820 U/g), and highest xylanolytic activity. The xylanase encoding gene of Aspergillus fumigates SK1 was screened using polymerase chain reaction by a pair of degenerate primers. Through multiple alignment of the SK1 strain's xylanase nucleotide sequences with other published xylanases, it was confirmed that the gene belonged to the xylanase glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11) with a protein size of 24.49 kD. Saccharification of lemongrass leaves using crude cellulases and xylanase gives the maximum reducing sugars production of 6.84 g/L with glucose as the major end product and traces of phenylpropanic compounds (vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid).

For further details log on website :
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24960316