Published Date Available online 11 November 2015,doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2015.10.013 In Press, Corrected Proof —Note to users Author
M.P. Singh a,,
P.P. Bhojvaid b
Wil de Jong c
J. Ashraf d
S.R. Reddy d
aDirectorate of Forest Education, Dehradun 248006, India
bDepartment of Forests, Haryana, India
cCenter for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
dForest Research Institute, Dehradun 248006, India
Received 7 January 2015. Revised 26 October 2015. Accepted 28 October 2015. Available online 11 November 2015.
Highlights
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The contribution of economic development to forest transition gets obscured by the destruction of forests under colonial rule
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Forest transition results from concurring deforestation, degradation, conservation, sustainable management, and afforestation
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These factors contribute at different scales during different temporal phases of India's forest transition
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Forest degradation continues post forest transition due to unregulated removal of wood and other forest products
Abstract
The paper provides a detailed analysis of forest transition in India, exploring the direct and underlying causes and factors that explain deforestation and forest degradation, decline in deforestation and forest degradation, and forest recovery. The paper reviews these causes and factors during the periods before India experienced forest transition and after it experienced forest transition, which happened during the 1980s. Causes and forces that caused deforestation and forest degradation were forest exploitation for timber, an increased population that sought agricultural land, economic modernization through expansion of agricultural production, forest dependence and related forest exploitation, and even forest conversion when forest land became notified and thus forest owners lost rights to derive benefits from forests. Causes and factors that reduced deforestation and forest degradation and resulted in forest recovery, included agricultural intensification, government policies, private tree and forest production and smallholder and community forestry. Multiple forest transition pathways can be signaled as having contributed to forest transition pathways in India. The case of India actually question to what extent the forest transition pathway concept is valid for contemporary forest transition in complex countries like India.
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Published Date 1 August 2000, Vol.1(2):165–176, doi:10.1016/S1389-9341(99)00008-8 Author Michael Pregernig, Institute of Forest Sector Policy and Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna, Gregor-Mendel Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria Received 21 May 1999. Revised 18 November 1999. Accepted 1 December 1999. Available online 24 July 2000. Abstract The paper deals with the question of how scientific knowledge is put into practicable action (or rather how it is not put into action) and explains what role communicative processes play in passing on scientific know-how. In the theoretical part, some selected communication models are introduced. Accordingly, scientific findings do not enter practical fields via clearly defined ‘transport routes’ of information. Knowledge tends to be disseminated via network structures of communication. The acceptance and diffusion of knowledge generated by the Austrian ‘Research Initiative Against Forest Decline’ is employed to test the hypotheses derived. Data were collected with a standardised, self-administered questionnaire (249 interviews with managers of forest enterprises and persons working in forest extension services in Austria). The empirical survey shows that the traditional channels of transfer (i.e. scientists and extension services) play only a minor direct role in passing on scientific know-how and putting it into practice. Furthermore, we can see that professional and institutionalised channels are supplemented by informal contacts. Keywords
Published Date 25 September 2007, Vol.249(1):54–62, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.04.049 Traditional knowledge, cultural heritage and sustainable forest management Author Elisabeth Johann, Austrian Forest Association, Oberdörfl 9, 9173 St. Margareten, Austria Received 12 December 2006. Revised 26 April 2007. Accepted 29 April 2007. Available online 12 July 2007. Abstract Until the middle of the 19th century, Alpine forests were seen as three-dimensional and multi-layered structures, which multiplied productive space in comparison to the fields. The result of various uses was a landscape of rich biodiversity. Several authors have pointed out the importance of traditional multiple uses of forests, including agroforestry, and condemn the term minor forest utilisation—often used in contemporary forest policy formulation and administration, which ignores its former importance and thus neglects its long-lasting influence on the cultural landscape. The loss of biodiversity – as it can be observed today – is closely related to economic and technical strategies of utilising the landscape. This development can be considered in contrast to the society's demands for open spaces and the maintenance of a variety of cultural ecosystems. This paper analyses how rural societies in the past met their demand for wood particularly in remote Alpine regions, and how these uses related to social and economic power structures. The study investigates how woodlands and landscapes changed after scientific intervention, how the introduction of modern forestry influenced traditional woodland management in correlation with political, social, and economic pressure, and why traditional forest-related knowledge is of increasing importance for sustainable rural development today. Keywords
Published Date September 2016, Vol.70:9–15,doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.05.006 Author
J. Work
F. Qiu
M.K. Luckert,
Department of Resource Economics and Environmental Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G0N4, Canada
Received 18 September 2015. Revised 14 March 2016. Accepted 11 May 2016. Available online 24 May 2016.
Highlights
Poplar plantations can be used to produce pulp or ethanol.
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Pulp and ethanol prices are mean reverting and exhibit time-varying volatility.
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Mean reverting prices support producer investments and ease policy development.
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Volatilities of pulp and ethanol prices are persistent; pulp prices also respond to external shocks.
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Volatility makes options important for producers and complicate impacts of policies.
Abstract
Temporal variation in prices is an important factor that influences returns on investments and decisions made by policy makers. This study investigates the behaviour of two output prices potentially associated with growing improved poplars in Canada: hardwood pulp and ethanol. Time series techniques are used to assess the processes and volatility of hardwood pulp and ethanol price series. The findings indicate that price series for hardwood pulp and ethanol are best characterized by mean reverting processes around constant averages, indicating more predictability for poplar producers than would be the case for random walks. However, the results from the volatility analysis suggest substantial uncertainty for producers. The volatility of both markets is found be to be highly related to past volatilities, and therefore persistent. To the extent that future prices are more volatile, the importance of producers considering multiple product options for pulp plantations increases, as do complexities for policy makers to predict the impacts of policies to support biofuels.
