Comparison of deficit irrigation management strategies on root, plant growth and biomass productivity of silage maize

Author

Mahdi Gheysari, Sayed-Hossein Sadeghi, Henry W. Loescher, Samia Amiri, Mohammad Javad Zareian, Mohammad M. Majidi, Parvaneh Asgarinia and Jose O. Payero

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 126-138

Abstract: Knowledge about biomass partitioning of maize grown in arid and semi-arid climates is scarce and yet essential to select a robust and effective deficit irrigation management (DIM) strategy for these regions. The objectives of this study were to: i) investigate the effects of different levels of water application under two DIM strategies on the root and aboveground characteristics, the response factor to water stress (Ky) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of silage maize at different growth stages, and ii) determine the best DIM strategy that would maximize biomass productivity. Field pot experiments were conducted in Isfahan, Iran, during 2009 and 2010. The two DIM strategies were fixed irrigation interval-variable irrigation depth (M1), and variable irrigation interval-fixed irrigation depth (M2). Each DIM strategy was tested at four water-deficit levels, including: severe, moderate, mild, and a full-irrigation. In M1, irrigation intervals were consistent for all irrigation treatments but were varied over the growing season. Treatment effects were measured at the 10-leaf, 16-leaf, tasseling, milk, and silage harvest crop growth stages. There was significant effect of irrigation and growth stage on total aboveground biomass (TB), leaf area (LA), root biomass (RB), and root:shoot ratio (RSR) for both DIM strategies during the two years. For M2, there was significant difference in TB, LA, RB, and RSR between all irrigation levels at all growth stages. TB production was on the average around 25% higher for M1 compared to M2, even though total applied irrigation water was only 6% higher for M1. Comparing the two DIMs showed that RSR and Ky were both higher for M2, indicating that the crop was more sensitive to this strategy. In conclusion, M1 was selected as the best management practice since it had more favorable effects on improving the IWUE and also on the development of maize roots during the growing season.

Keywords: Zea mays; Irrigation interval; Water use efficiency; Growth stage; Water stress (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Effects of partial root-zone drying irrigation and water quality on soil physical and chemical properties

Author

Abdullah Alrajhi, Simon Beecham and Ali Hassanli

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 117-125

Abstract: Using recycled wastewater (RW) is considered to be a strategic choice for overcoming water scarcity worldwide, so there is a pressing need to improve irrigation and nutrient uptake to sustain crop yields and at the same time to reduce the negative impacts of RW. In the present study, tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. “Azmier”) were exposed to three different water qualities: recycled wastewater (RW); fresh municipal tap water (FW); and a blend of RW and stormwater (BW), in combination with five irrigation scenarios: full irrigation (FI) full plant water requirement; deficit irrigation (DI), with 75% and 50% of FI as DI75 and DI50, respectively; and partial root-zone drying (PRD), with 75% and 50% as PRD75 and PRD50, respectively. The effects of these treatments on soil hydraulic conductivity (Ks), soil pH, root growth, leaf area (LA) as well as the residual phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) in the soil were investigated. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the soil Ks. However, different types of irrigation waters significantly affected the soil pH, while irrigation scenarios had no effect on soil pH. Also, irrigation scenarios influenced root growth and LA, while PRD scenarios lowered soil P, K+, and Mg2+ concentration compared to DI. The results also showed that water quality influenced canopy coverage 107days after planting (DAP). It is clear that PRD is a promising scenario for sustaining agriculture in areas with high water scarcity.

Keywords: Partial root-zone irrigation; Deficit irrigation; Recycled wastewater; Soil hydraulic conductivity; Soil pH; Nutrients; South Australia (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Effects of different irrigation water and nitrogen levels on the water use, rose flower yield and oil yield of Rosa damascena

Author

Yusuf Ucar, Soner Kazaz, Figen Eraslan and Hasan Baydar

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 94-102

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effects of different irrigation water amounts and nitrogen doses on flower and oil yields and water use in Rosa damascena in Isparta which is located in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Different water and nitrogen doses were applied to the Rosa damascena plant, and the drip irrigation method was used at 10-day intervals. The treatments included four different irrigation water amounts [T0 (kcp0: 0.00), T1 (kcp1: 0.40), T2 (kcp2: 0.80), and T3 (kcp3: 1.20) as crop-pan coefficients] and four different nitrogen doses (N0:0kgha−1,N1: 80kgha−1,N2: 160kgha−1,N3: 240kgha−1, and pure substance). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block factorial design with 3 replicates. The seasonal evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and yield response factor (ky) varied between 346.2 and 614.7mm, between 4.87 and 13.86kgm−3, between 8.05 and 32.18kgm−3, and between 0.92 and 1.59, respectively. The different irrigation water amounts and nitrogen doses did not have a significant effect on flower yield in 2010, but had a significant effect (P<0.01) in 2011 and 2012. The flower yield ranged from 2339 to 3046kgha−1, 2215 to 6373kgha−1, 2104 to 6616kgha−1 in 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Similarly, the effects of different irrigation amounts and nitrogen doses on the rose oil yield were significant in 2011 and 2012 (P<0.01) but not in 2010. The rose oil yield was 1.10–1.66kgha−1, 1.13–3.42kgha−1, 0.72–2.89kgha−1 in 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. The results of this study showed that the increasing irrigation water amounts and nitrogen doses significantly increased the flower yield. Considering yield and water use efficiency, it was concluded that the most efficient irrigation scheduling was T1 and that the most efficient nitrogen doses were N2 and N3.

Keywords: Oil rose; Rosa damascena; Evapotranspiration; Water use efficiency; Yield response factor (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Effect of drip fertigation and polythene mulching on growth and productivity of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), water, nutrient use efficiency and economic benefits

Author

Jayakumar M., Janapriya S. and Surendran U.

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 87-93

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of drip irrigation, fertigation and polythene mulching on coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) var. VHC 3. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised of 100% (T1), 80% (T2) and 60% (T3) recommended dose of fertilizer with 100μm thickness polythene mulch and 100% (T4), 80% (T5) and 60% (T6) recommended dose of fertilizer without polythene mulch. The control was with conventional method of irrigation (basin irrigation) without mulch (T7). The recorded data on the growth and yield of coconut revealed that the plant height, canopy development and other plant growth parameters were higher in the treatment with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (0.50:0.32:1.20kg of NPK tree−1) with 100μm thickness polythene mulch (T1) when compared to other treatments. The maximum yield attributes viz., spathe length, number of inflorescence, number of bunches/palm/year and number of nuts/bunch of 127.76cm, 13, 13 and 31, respectively were recorded in 100% of recommended dose of drip fertigation with 100μm polythene mulching. The lowest spathe length, number of inflorescence, number of bunches/palm/year and number of nuts/bunch of 92.16cm, 8, 8 and 12, respectively were recorded in control treatment without mulch. The number of nuts per palm, an important yield contributing trait was promising with 292 nuts/palm/year in 100% of recommended dose of drip fertigation with 100μm polythene mulching (T1) treatment. Likewise gradual reductions in weed population, superior water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency and high profitability were observed in all the polythene mulch combination treatments when compared with other treatments without mulch. The study emphasised that adoption of drip fertigation with polythene mulching increases the productivity in coconut, besides ensuring the higher efficiency of water, nutrients and profitability in coconut.

Keywords: Polythene mulching; Drip irrigation; Fertigation; Productivity; Coconut(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Evaluation of the DAISY model for predicting nitrogen leaching in coarse-textured soils cropped with maize in the Mediterranean zone of Chile

Author

Osvaldo Salazar, Francisco Nájera, Wilson Tapia and Manuel Casanova

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 77-86

Abstract: The DAISY model (version 5.18) was evaluated for cultivated coarse-textured soils in the Mediterranean zone of central Chile. The model was field-tested using climate and soil data collected between 2011 and 2013 from four experimental sites with differing nitrogen (N) management regime, irrigation system and crop rotation: i) maize with furrow irrigation, mineral N fertilisation and fallow (site PM); ii) maize with furrow irrigation, pig slurry and fallow (PS); iii) maize with centre pivot irrigation, pig slurry and cover crop (SS); and iv) native annual prairie under rainfed conditions (SN). The model was statistically evaluated by comparing simulated and measured soil water content at different depths (25, 50 and 100cm) and simulated and measured mineral N content in the topsoil layer (0–25cm). In situ net N mineralisation and C:N ratio measurements were also used to evaluate simulated N dynamics. Observed and predicted water content at different depths was in satisfactory agreement. For the simulation period, the coefficient efficiency (E) ranged between 0.60 and 0.66 in PM; 0.53 and 0.92 in PS; 0.54 and 0.58 in SS; and 0.70 and 0.88 in SN. However, for topsoil mineral N content a broad range of E values was found, ranging from −0.93 to 0.81 for nitrate-N and from 0.36 to 0.77 for ammonium-N in the experimental plots. Sensitivity analysis showed that dispersivity was the most sensitive parameter in nitrate-N simulations. These results show that DAISY is applicable for predicting water and N dynamics in cultivated coarse-textured soils under Mediterranean conditions in central Chile.

Keywords: Irrigation system; Modelling; N leaching (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Sustainability of irrigated agriculture with overexploited aquifers: The case of Segura basin (SE, Spain)

Author

Carmen Rupérez-Moreno, Javier Senent-Aparicio, David Martinez-Vicente, José Luis García-Aróstegui, Francisco Cabezas Calvo-Rubio and Julio Pérez-Sánchez

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 67-76

Abstract: The structural water deficit suffered by the Segura basin in southern Spain trend toward unsustainability. The imbalance between the resources and the demand has been caused by the expansion of irrigated areas, the emergence of illegal new irrigated lands and pumping wells, the increase in energy cost and the bad management of water use rights by the public water administration. In addition, climate change and frequent drought in this semi-arid region aggravate the situation. As a consequence, many aquifers are overexploited. The region of Murcia has well-developed agri-food sector, which is a key factor in the regional economy. This sector accounts for 21.4% of the regional GDP, and Murcia also has an important tourism sector, so the overexploitation of the aquifers would concern production, exportation and agricultural development as well as the decline in the water level, environmental damage and water quality impairment. On the other hand, the fulfilment of the “good ecological status” objectives set by the Water Framework Directive, with a deadline of 2027, will be a difficult task for water managers. This study proposed a hydroeconomic model to obtain the cost of the overexploited aquifers in the Segura basin in order to decide on the feasibility of using groundwater for agriculture in situations of overexploitation. The results showed that the price paid by farmers for irrigation water in the year 2027 would be 0.53€/m3 (i.e., annual spending of 180M€), which will involve 10% of the final agricultural crop production in the Region of Murcia. Alternative water sources are proposed to increase water supply security for farmers and to ensure the socio-economic and environmental sustainability of the basin. Finally, the methodology proposed would help to manage water use in other European Mediterranean basins under similar climatic, hydrological and agricultural conditions.

Keywords: Overexploitation of aquifers; Water Framework Directive; Irrigation; Sustainability; Alternative water sources (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Modeling rice evapotranspiration under water-saving irrigation by calibrating canopy resistance model parameters in the Penman-Monteith equation

Author

unzeng Xu, Xiaoyin Liu, Shihong Yang, Zhiming Qi and Yijiang Wang

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 55-66

Abstract: A canopy-resistance-based Penman-Monteith (PM) model’s performance in estimating rice evapotranspiration (ET) under water-saving irrigation (WSI) condition at hourly and daily intervals was evaluated. To improve the performance of Jarvis-type canopy-resistance model in calculating rice ET under water-saving irrigation condition with Penman-Monteith (PM) model, a term of effective leaf area index was used to reflect the influence of canopy coverage condition, and field capacity was replace by saturated soil moisture (θs) in soil water response functions due to the specific field moisture condition in WSI rice fields. Two years of hourly rice ET measured using eddy covariance (EThEC) with energy balance closure adjustment served to calibrate (2014 data) and validate (2015 data) a canopy-resistance-based PM model. Results indicate that the PM model’s output (EThsim) with calibrated canopy resistance model parameters closely matched measured EThEC, with a regression slope, intercept, coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE) and index of agreement (IOA) of 1.001, 0.010mmh−1, 0.942, 0.057mmh−1 and 0.985, respectively for validation data set in 2015, better than the results calculated by model with parameters calibrated for general paddy field. The improved PM model performed well not only in a dense canopy condition (LAI>3) but also for a sparse canopy (LAI<3). The model also performed well both in sunny and cloudy days of each rice growth stages. A more detailed analysis indicated that EThsim tended to overestimate or underestimate EThEC in varied degrees at noon time or during the transition period from day to night. These differences between EThsim and EThEC associated with the variation of net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G0), and soil moisture (θ). Additionally, the PM model calibrated on hourly dataset, performed well in calculating the daily ET directly under WSI for 2014 (R2=0.973, RMSE=0.237mmd−1, IOA=0.993) and 2015 (R2=0.961, RMSE=0.302mmd−1, IOA=0.990). Therefore, the PM model calibrated using the hourly data was capable of accurately estimating both hourly and daily ET for rice under WSI condition.

Keywords: Rice; Water-saving irrigation; Canopy resistance; Evapotranspiration; Eddy covariance; Penman-Monteith equation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Modelling hydrology and water quality processes in the Pengxi River basin of the Three Gorges Reservoir using the soil and water assessment tool

Author

Yingyuan Shi, Gaohong Xu, Yonggui Wang, Bernard A. Engel, Hong Peng, Wanshun Zhang, Meiling Cheng and Minglong Dai

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 24-38

Abstract: The Pengxi River is one of the main tributaries on the north shore of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) and currently faces water quality deterioration and algal bloom problems. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with a TGR specific database was utilized to evaluate the hydrology and water quality processes of the Pengxi River Basin. The flow and its nutrient content were assessed by the model, and the largest pollutant load generation areas of this basin were identified. The Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) method was used to conduct sensitivity analysis, model calibration and validation. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that CN2 (initial SCS runoff curve number for moisture condition II) was most sensitive for runoff, while RCN (concentration of nitrogen in rainfall) and FILTERW (width of edge of field filter strip) were most sensitive for nitrogen and phosphorus loadings respectively. Determination of the most sensitive parameters on the rate of change of SWAT outputs was identified. The coefficient of determination (R2) in the validation ranged from 0.66–0.85 for daily stream flow and 0.70–0.86 for nutrient yield. Average annual water yield for the entire basin was found to be 3.93 billion m3 from 2010 to 2013, while average annual total nitrogen yield was 9406t, and average annual total phosphorus yield was 984t. The simulation results indicate that runoff appeared to vary significantly throughout the year and from year to year, and was correlated with precipitation. Higher pollutant load generation areas were mainly concentrated in the central and southern part of the Pengxi River basin. This study is expected to have major implications for identifying non-point source (NPS) and water quality management policies and approaches.

Keywords: SWAT; Hydrology and water quality processes; Non-point source pollutants; Sensitivity analysis; GLUE (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Linking the transpirable soil water content of a vineyard to predawn leaf water potential measurements

Author

Rémi Gaudin, Sébastien Roux and Bruno Tisseyre

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 13-23

Abstract: A new expression of the time derivative of predawn leaf water potential was proposed by equalizing two expressions of the grapevine transpiration. This expression was established when transpiration is the only driver of the vineyard water balance. Under Mediterranean climate, this condition is met for long periods of drought i.e. most of the summer time under the hypothesis that there is no water movement (capillary rise) from the deep layers of the soil. The proposed approach showed that changes in predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) values are in inverse relation with the Total Transpirable Soil Water (TTSW) which characterizes the maximal water stock of the soil and in direct relation with reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and the basal crop coefficient (kcb) of the vine. The relation between Ψpd changes and cumulated ETo is linear with a slope related to the ratio of “kcb to TTSW”. This ratio can be therefore estimated from field measurements and climatic data.

Keywords: Vitis vinifera L.; Soil water balance; Mediterranean vineyard; Water stress(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Spectral assessment of drought tolerance indices and grain yield in advanced spring wheat lines grown under full and limited water irrigation

Author

Salah E. El-Hendawy, Wael M. Hassan, Nasser A. Al-Suhaibani and Urs Schmidhalter

Agricultural Water Management, 2017, vol. 182, issue C, pages 1-12

Abstract: Because wheat varieties exhibit a high genotype×environment interaction, several drought tolerance indices (DTIs) have been developed to assist breeders in selecting genotypes with good performance under contrasting water conditions. We compared the relative yield of advanced breeding wheat lines under both well-watered and limited water irrigation conditions using different DTIs and evaluated how spectral reflectance indices (SRIs), as rapid and non-destructive tools, can effectively monitor DTIs and grain yield. Sixty-five recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from a cross between drought-tolerant (Sakha 93) and drought-sensitive (Sakha 61) genotypes were subjected to full irrigation (FI) and limited water irrigation (LWI) in the 2014 (F6), 2015 (F7), and 2016 (F8) growing seasons. Eight vegetation- and water-SRIs calculated from canopy reflectance under FI and LWI, and taken at the heading and middle grain filling stages, were related to the DTIs and grain yield. We found that the yield performance of the RILs was not consistent across the two water regimes. Selection based on the DTIs, the stress susceptibility index and the tolerance index failed to identify RILs that had very low yields under both treatments. However, the mean productivity index (MPI) and the geometric mean productivity index (GMP) enabled us to identify RILs that produced desirable yields under both full and limited irrigation, and these drought tolerance indices further exhibited a high heritability. Across the three years of investigation and at the heading and middle grain filling stages, these DTIs were best described either by the vegetation-based dry matter content index (DMCI) or the water-based normalized multi-band drought index (NDMI), or a combination of both. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that a combination of near infrared (NIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR)-based SRIs can be used as a fast and low-cost predictor for selecting wheat genotypes with superior yield under different water regimes.

Keywords: Canopy spectral reflectance; High-throughput phenotyping; Phenomics; Proximal sensing techniques; Vegetation index; Water index; Yield performance (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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