A theoretical analysis of illegal wood harvesting as predation – with two Ugandan illustrations

Author

Ole Hofstad

Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics, 6-9, issue 42

Abstract: By assuming a forest growing logistically and a local population that harvests wood illegally in a manner similar to predation, a bio-economic model gives the following results: 1) when local population is very low, optimal deterring effort is zero; 2) as long as the population is sufficiently low, no deterring effort is required to avoid complete deforestation; 3) when population is above minimum threshold, optimal deterring effort is determined by the cost of deterrence relative to the value of wood; 4) when human population grows above a higher threshold, deterring effort must be greater than zero to avoid complete deforestation; 5) the larger the population grows, minimum deterring effort to avoid exhaustion approaches maximum effort; 6) when human population is very large, the relative cost of deterrence must be low, or the price of wood very high, to make deterrence worth wile.

Keywords: bio-economics; deterrence; forest management; ownership.; Agribusiness; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Berberis vulgaris L.

	Berberis vulgaris L.	Barberry	Berberidaceae
	Transversal section
	Ring-porous to semi-ring-porous. Growth ring boundaries undulating. Earlywood pore ring discontinuous. Latewood pores and vascular tracheids in clusters with a diagonal to dendritic orientation. Parenchyma diffuse, apotracheal.
	Radial section
	Simple perforation plates. Distinct spiral thickenings in vessels and vascular tracheids. Homogeneous rays, occasionally heterogeneous with one or two enlarged marginal cells. Libriform fibres present, fibre-tracheids absent.
	Tangential section
	Rays 5- to 7-seriate, rarely narrower or wider, very rarely uniseriate rays. Sheath cells occasionally present. Ray height up to 10 mm.
	Key characters
	Ring-porous. In latewood clusters of pores and vascular tracheids with a diagonal to dendritic orientation. Wide, high rays, generally homogeneous. Simple perforation plates, spiral thickenings.

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First Movers, Non Movers and Social Gains from Supporting Entry in Markets for Nature-Based Recreational Goods

Author

Suzanne Elizabeth Vedel, Jette Bredahl Jacobsen and Bo Thorsen (bjt@ifro.ku.dk)

Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics, 6-9, issue 42

Abstract: In general most nature-based recreational goods and benefits are considered positive externalities of production, as they are usually not subject to trade. So far, a low degree of rivalry among most user groups and legally defined rights has secured these benefits as almost a public good. Yet, the increasing intensity of use and the arrival of new demanding user groups are quickly changing the picture. In some regions, rivalry among user groups is strong, changing the situation to one of a common-pool resource and declining quality of the good. This provides an option for landowners to offer tailored goods and services to specific user groups, offering to improve the quality of their recreational experience against a payment. Using a two-stage game theoretical model, we show that in spite of apparent potential first-mover advantages in this developing market, demand uncertainty and sunk costs may equally well result in widespread presence of non-movers on the supplier side. While most of the first-mover literature analyse the potentials for sustained first-mover gains, we focus on the presence of non-movers. In a simple model, we show that social gains can be made from offering a subsidy towards the sunk costs. The efficient scheme takes into account the underlying first-mover game.

Keywords: First-mover advantage; game theory; sunk costs; demand uncertainty; fixed supply; public procurement; rationing.; International Relations/Trade; Land Economics/Use; Marketing (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Kemera Supports and the Profitability of Small- Diameter Energy Wood Harvesting from Young Stands in Finland

Author

Aaron Petty and Kalle Kärhä

Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics, 6-9, issue 42

Abstract: In order to speed up the production of small-sized thinning wood chips in young stands, the Finnish State provides financial incentives for the production of small-diameter wood chips. Financial support is provided according to the Sustainable Silviculture Foundation Law (Kemera). Currently (Summer 2008), the Kemera support provides subsidies for smallsized wood chips in early thinnings 7–10 €/MWh maximum in typical harvesting conditions (whole-tree chip removal 40–70 m3/ha, and average stem size of removal 10–40 dm3). Metsäteho Oy undertook a study on the total production costs of small-sized thinning wood chips with and without the Kemera supports. The results gave a clear indication that small-sized wood chips cannot currently be produced without the Kemera supports from young stands with typical harvesting conditions. If operating without the Kemera supports, the average stem size of whole trees harvested must be greater than 80 dm3, at the current price level of small-diameter wood chips in order for the harvesting of small-diameter energy wood from young stands to be economically profitable in Finland.

Keywords: Support policy; Costs; Small-diameter wood; Energy wood; Harvesting; Early thinnings.; Agribusiness; Production Economics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Streamline a Design, Manufacture, and Fitting Workflow: A Case Study on A Fit-Out SME in the UK

Author

Marina Machado, Jason Underwood and Andrew Fleming
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International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling (IJ3DIM), 2016, vol. 5, issue 3, pages 31-46

Abstract: This paper presents a case study of BIM implementation for Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA). The project is a Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) between the University of Salford and Links FF&E, a design, manufacture and fit-out SME based in the UK. The project aims to implement BIM as a catalyst for a Lean transformation, streamlining process and operations. Initially, organisational process are reviewed, which is followed by implementing appropriate technologies to enable subsequent people and process transformation. The 30 month project is organized in 6 key stages. This paper presents findings from the first four stages that have been completed to date of 1. Establishing best practice knowledge in BIM; 2. Conducting a review and analysis of the organisation's current situation, 3. Developing a BIM-based collaborative strategy, and the fourth, which is currently progressing, 4. Pilot implementation of BIM collaborative strategy for DfMA. The remaining stages will conduct a project evaluation, before finally implementing an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system.

Date: 2016
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Utilization of bioresources for sustainable biofuels: A Review

Author

N. Gaurav, S. Sivasankari, Gs Kiran, A. Ninawe and J. Selvin

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 73, issue C, 205-214

Abstract: The global energy demand has been increasing rapidly due to depletion of fossil fuels, continuous growth of world population and industrialized economy. India has surpassed to Japan and Russia and become the third largest oil consumer in the world. Unfortunately, India’s primary energy consumption has increased due to reduced oil and gas production. The increased consumption of imported oil could lead to turbulence in economic growth. Due to increasing demand of oil fuels and consequent impact of global warming issues, development of alternate energy is a top priority in research and developments sector. The bioenergy produced from the biomass is being a sustainable alternate energy source which received high acceptance in various sectors include public, industries and government policies. from the Government, public, industries and researches for its sustainability. This review focuson bioprospecting of biomass from terrestrial and marine resources for non conventional energy production and the stepping stones of biofuel for near future. These carbohydrates can be converted into various forms of biofuels either directly or indirectly by exploiting microorganisms. However, the production process and chemical transformation is being an expensive process and therefore commercial supply of biofuel in largescale is not yet successful. Hence an economic and efficient production process is essential to commercialize biomass based biofuels. This article highlights the overview of sustainable and renewable resources for biofuel and stepping stones of biofuel commercialization.

Keywords: Biomass; Terrestrial; Marine; Biofuels; Sustainability (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Combining an accelerated deployment of bioenergy and land use strategies: Review and insights for a post-conflict scenario in Colombia

Author

Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Salazar, Mauro Venturini, Witold-Roger Poganietz, Matthias Finkenrath and Manoel Regis L.V. Leal

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 73, issue C, 159-177

Abstract: After a 50-year armed conflict, negotiations with guerrilla groups are likely to lead to peace agreements in Colombia. A post-conflict context would open up the possibility of modernizing agriculture, improving living standards in rural areas and making good use of the vast natural resources. Sustainable bioenergy combined with improved land use strategies is of particular interest in this context. However, while bioenergy is today the second largest renewable resource after hydropower, no official plans exist for exploiting it in a post-conflict context.

Keywords: Bioenergy; Biofuels; Land use change; Energy policy; Agricultural intensification; Deforestation; Greenhouse gas emissions; Post-conflict; Energy modeling (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Sustainable power generation from bacterio-algal microbial fuel cells (MFCs): An overview

Author

Beenish Saba, Ann D. Christy, Zhongtang Yu and Anne C. Co

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 73, issue C, 75-84

Abstract: Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical devices that allow the harvesting of electricity generated during anaerobic respiration of selected bacterial species. This technology shows promise in both wastewater treatment and sustainable bioenergy conversion applications. Bacterial respiration occurs in the anaerobic anode compartment of the MFC, and is electrochemically coupled with electron acceptors in the MFC's aerobic cathode compartment. This paper summarizes the published results of bacterio-algal MFCs. The use of microalgae in MFCs has gained interest primarily due to algae's ability to photosynthesize atmospheric CO2, producing both biomass and oxygen and thereby facilitating the cathodic reaction. These phototrophic microorganisms can serve as biocatholytes in MFCs because the oxygen produced is an electron acceptor for the electrons harvested from the anode compartment. The bacterio-algal MFC can provide multiple benefits including 1) power generation, 2) wastewater treatment, 3) algal biomass cultivation and pigment production, 4) carbon dioxide assimilation, and 5) oxygen production. This review article summarizes not only successful published results of bacterio-algal fuel cells but also highlights critical operational parameters and their effect on power generation and output efficiency.

Keywords: Bacteria; Algae; Microbial fuel cells; Operational and electrical parameters(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Recent advances and challenges of fuel cell based power system architectures and control – A review

Author

Vipin Das, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Karthikeyan Venkitusamy, Rajasekar Selvamuthukumaran, Frede Blaabjerg and Pierluigi Siano

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 73, issue C, 10-18

Abstract: Renewable energy generation is rapidly growing in the power sector industry and widely used for two categories: grid connected and standalone system. This paper gives the insights about fuel cell operation and application of various power electronics systems. The fuel cell voltage decreases bit by bit with expansion in current because of losses associated with fuel cell. It is difficult in handling large rated fuel cell based power system without regulating mechanism. The issue connected with fuel based structural planning and the arrangements are widely investigated for all sorts of utilization. In order to improve the reliability of fuel cell based power system, the integration of energy storage system and advanced research methods are focused in this paper. The control algorithms of power architecture for the couple of well-known applications are discussed. Additionally, the paper addresses the suitable processor utilized as a part of the energy unit application on the premise of fuel cell characteristics. In this paper, the challenges to improve the dynamics of controller in fuel cell based applications are mentioned.

Keywords: Controller; Dynamics; Integration; Reliability; Renewable; Suitability(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Photovoltaic agriculture - New opportunity for photovoltaic applications in China

Author

Jinlin Xue

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 73, issue C, 1-9

Abstract: Photovoltaic industry has been an important development direction of China's strategic emerging industries since 2012, and more and more attentions have been paid to broaden the domestic demand to solve the problem of overcapacity of China's PV industry. Photovoltaic agriculture, the combination of photovoltaic power generation and agricultural activities, is a natural response to supply the green and sustainable electricity for agriculture. There are several main application modes of photovoltaic agriculture such as photovoltaic agricultural greenhouse, photovoltaic breeding, photovoltaic wastewater purification, photovoltaic water pumping and new type rural solar power station. Photovoltaic agriculture can effectively alleviate the contradiction between more population and less land, powerfully promote the development of controlled environmental agriculture, evidently increase economic benefits of farmers, and significantly improve environment due to emissions reduction in China. In recent years, photovoltaic agriculture has a rapid development in China due to powerful support policies, flourishing controlled environmental agriculture, policy-oriented rural electrification and promising electric machinery for greenhouse. Therefore, photovoltaic agriculture provides new opportunity for China's photovoltaic industry, thus not only to solve the dilemma of overcapacity for China's photovoltaic industry effectively, but also to accelerate the development of modern agriculture in China. However, the more theoretical researches and practical exploration must be conducted to optimize the combination of photovoltaic power generation and agricultural planting. And the unified standards must be established to standardize the design and scale of projects of photovoltaic agriculture. Also, photovoltaic enterprises need to produce widely applicable photovoltaic products for agricultural production and farmers’ life.

Keywords: Photovoltaics; Agriculture; Renewable energy; Development; Opportunity(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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