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Wednesday, 26 April 2017

Environment Degradation Cause by Urbanization in Pakistan: A Review

Author
Muhammad Qasim, Malik Muhammad Anees, Muhammad Ghani, Jahanzaib Malik, Moeen Khalid and Aroj Bashir
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Bulletin of Energy Economics (BEE), 2014, vol. 2, issue 3, pages 62-71

Abstract: Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas. Urbanization is serious worldwide problems. Urbanization and environmental problems are the recent developmental issues in Pakistan. The study was used Secondary data and information was collected from various publications such as books, journals, magazines, published and unpublished dissertations, newspapers, and internet as well as institutions related to urbanization and Environment.These harms are very composite and their connections are hard to describe. The present study would find out the urbanization effect on environment. Influences of urbanization on our natural environment, that is, Air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise pollution, deforestation, climate change etc. This study may help in the formulation of appropriate strategies and policies related to environment and urbanization.
Keywords: Urbanization; Environment; Degradation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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Bulletin of Energy Economics (BEE) is currently edited by Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz (PhD Applied Economics)
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Additional Annual Fees as a Consequence of a Failure to Develop Real Estate Let into Perpetual Usufruct

Author
Anna Trembecka (trembec@agh.edu.pl)
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Abstract: Public property management includes, among others, the control of the manner in which the real estate let into perpetual usufruct was developed. Besides the provisions of the acts and the rules of social interaction, an agreement appears to be a significant element shaping the content of the right of perpetual usufruct. The consequence of a failure to develop real estate let into perpetual usufruct may be imposing additional annual fees. In practice, this issue raises numerous problems and controversies, and it is also subject to non-uniform decisions. The research thesis of this article is that the current regulations regarding additional annual fees contained in the Real Estate Management Act are imprecise. The aim of the study is to analyse the problems relating to the imposition of additional annual fees. The analysis was carried out based on the results of the study of the process of imposing additional fees by the Municipality of Krakow in the years 2010-2014.
Keywords: perpetual usufruct; land development; additional annual fees (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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World of Real Estate Journal (Swiat Nieruchomosci) is currently edited by March
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A Decision Making Process on the Real Estate Market – the Case of Buying a Residential Plot for Building own House

Author
Alina Źróbek-Różańska (alina.zrobek@uwm.edu.pl)
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Abstract: A real estate buyer can be both a professional investor, able to conduct an adequate analysis on its own or advised by a counsellor, which leads to the optimal choice, and an ‘ordinary’ person who achieves knowledge about the real estate market from easily accessible sources of information and thus makes a decision on the basis of the basic data or own associations. The aim of the article is to present an individual decision making process. It has been assumed that the buyer of a plot intended for building a residential house makes a decision according to the weighted additive rule, including the possibility of compensation. It leads not to the optimal choice, but the most satisfying one. As a result, even the real estate with the weak value of the most important feature can be selected if it is compensated by very high values of other features. Deliberations based on the relevant literature are illustrated by the example of a potential buyer searching for a residential plot neighbouring Olsztyn.
Keywords: decision making process; buyer of the residential plot; real estate market (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D03 R21 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Dew-Covered Insects Sparkle in Stunning Photos

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Dew-Covered Insects Sparkle in Stunning Photos
Miroslaw Swietek captures stunning macro images of insects covered in dew. He takes his photos early in the morning in the forest near his village in Jaroszow, Poland. At that hour, insects and other bugs are still in a state of torpor and aren't disturbed by the camera, Swietek told LiveScience.
Credit: Miroslaw Swietek

Like many a shutterbug, Polish amateur photographer Miroslaw Swietek is fascinated with getting up-close-and-personal photos of insects. But Swietek's photos have an extra layer of amazing: He creeps up on bugs early in the morning when they're in a state of torpor and covered in dew.
Through the camera lens, the dew-covered insects look like they're encrusted with diamonds. The effect is even more stunning when droplets of water magnify the bugs' multi-lens compound eyes.
LiveScience caught up with Swietek to talk macro photography and sleepy insects.
LiveScience: How did you get involved with macro photography?
Swietek: My story with macro photography was just an accident. In 2007, I wanted to do a bike tour to Norway and one of my purchases was a camera (Fuji S6500 FD). I looked at the Internet on how to take photos of landscapes, because I needed to learn, but I also saw macro photos and really enjoyed them. So I put off taking photos of landscapes and I've started taking macro photos. [See a gallery of Swietek's work]
LiveScience: Where do you find the spiders and insects you photograph?

 Often, I go to the forest next to my village and there I find them.
LiveScience: How about the dew-covered insects? How do you photograph them without disturbing their diamond-like look?

 The dew-covered insects I also find in that same forest next to my village. At that early in the morning, insects are very sleepy so the camera doesn't disturb them.
LiveScience: What draws you to photographing insects?

 I already enjoy going to the forest, because it's a really good way to relax, but only in insect photography [do I get] that amazing look when you take a photo in super-zoom and you see the awesome colors and stunning appearance. Most people don't know what beautiful creatures live around us.
You can follow LiveScience senior writer Stephanie Pappas on Twitter @sipappas. Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter @livescience and on Facebook.
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25 Years of Free Real Estate Market in Poland. A SWOT Analysis

Author
Leszek Kałkowski and Maciej W. Wierzchowski (maciej-wierzchowski@wp.pl)
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Abstract: The aim of this article is a synthetic presentation of the results of the assessment of the current state of the Polish real estate market, achieved after twenty-five years of its functioning in the conditions of market economy. The assessment was based on the SWOT analysis method in which supplementally, for the quantification of individual factors characterising the market, the method of Geneva (indicator method) was used. It was estimated that in 2014 the sum of: • positive characteristics reached a total of 175 points compared to 200 possible (the Polish real estate market does not use approximately 12.5% of the value associated mainly with stimulating demand and the activation of our market for foreign investors); • negative characteristics reached a total of 105 points out of 200 possible (the Polish real estate market is facing the neutralisation of a half of imperfections, resulting mainly from the poor economic condition of households, poor land management in urban areas).
Keywords: economic transformation; changes in real estate market; SWOT evaluation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: R30 R31 R33 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Forest Management in Nepal. Economics and Ecology

Author

. Hill
Abstract: The study aims to provide a better understanding of the ways in which forest resources are used in Nepal. Its focus is to examine systematically the costs and benefits of present and possible future sustainable and biodiversity-friendly management practices from household, national, and global perspectives. The authors define the analytical framework and the costs of financial and economic alternatives. They also present the economic, social, institutional and legal issues, and recommend strategies for change. The report should be of use to national and donor agencies concerned with the management of natural resources and conservation of biodiversity in Nepal, providing a framework for possible future donor support to the sector. It highlights issues that are of importance in the formulation and implementation of natural resource management programs by government and non-government agencies.
Keywords: FORESTS; MANAGEMENT (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q20 Q23 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1999
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Tuesday, 25 April 2017

A theoretical analysis of illegal wood harvesting as predation – with two Ugandan illustrations

Author
Ole Hofstad

Abstract: By assuming a forest growing logistically and a local population that harvests wood illegally in a manner similar to predation, a bio-economic model gives the following results: 1) when local population is very low, optimal deterring effort is zero; 2) as long as the population is sufficiently low, no deterring effort is required to avoid complete deforestation; 3) when population is above minimum threshold, optimal deterring effort is determined by the cost of deterrence relative to the value of wood; 4) when human population grows above a higher threshold, deterring effort must be greater than zero to avoid complete deforestation; 5) the larger the population grows, minimum deterring effort to avoid exhaustion approaches maximum effort; 6) when human population is very large, the relative cost of deterrence must be low, or the price of wood very high, to make deterrence worth wile.
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Berberis vulgaris L.

Berberis vulgaris L.

Barberry

Berberidaceae

Transversal section

Ring-porous to semi-ring-porous. Growth ring boundaries undulating. Earlywood pore ring discontinuous. Latewood pores and vascular tracheids in clusters with a diagonal to dendritic orientation. Parenchyma diffuse, apotracheal.          

Radial section

Simple perforation plates. Distinct spiral thickenings in vessels and vascular tracheids. Homogeneous rays, occasionally heterogeneous with one or two enlarged marginal cells. Libriform fibres present, fibre-tracheids absent.   

Tangential section

Rays 5- to 7-seriate, rarely narrower or wider, very rarely uniseriate rays. Sheath cells occasionally present. Ray height up to 10 mm.   

Key characters

Ring-porous. In latewood clusters of pores and vascular tracheids with a diagonal to dendritic orientation. Wide, high rays, generally homogeneous. Simple perforation plates, spiral thickenings.

© / authors / citation / 03.05.06

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First Movers, Non Movers and Social Gains from Supporting Entry in Markets for Nature-Based Recreational Goods

Author
Suzanne Elizabeth Vedel, Jette Bredahl Jacobsen and Bo Thorsen (bjt@ifro.ku.dk)

Abstract: In general most nature-based recreational goods and benefits are considered positive externalities of production, as they are usually not subject to trade. So far, a low degree of rivalry among most user groups and legally defined rights has secured these benefits as almost a public good. Yet, the increasing intensity of use and the arrival of new demanding user groups are quickly changing the picture. In some regions, rivalry among user groups is strong, changing the situation to one of a common-pool resource and declining quality of the good. This provides an option for landowners to offer tailored goods and services to specific user groups, offering to improve the quality of their recreational experience against a payment. Using a two-stage game theoretical model, we show that in spite of apparent potential first-mover advantages in this developing market, demand uncertainty and sunk costs may equally well result in widespread presence of non-movers on the supplier side. While most of the first-mover literature analyse the potentials for sustained first-mover gains, we focus on the presence of non-movers. In a simple model, we show that social gains can be made from offering a subsidy towards the sunk costs. The efficient scheme takes into account the underlying first-mover game.
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Kemera Supports and the Profitability of Small- Diameter Energy Wood Harvesting from Young Stands in Finland

Author
Aaron Petty and Kalle Kärhä

Abstract: In order to speed up the production of small-sized thinning wood chips in young stands, the Finnish State provides financial incentives for the production of small-diameter wood chips. Financial support is provided according to the Sustainable Silviculture Foundation Law (Kemera). Currently (Summer 2008), the Kemera support provides subsidies for smallsized wood chips in early thinnings 7–10 €/MWh maximum in typical harvesting conditions (whole-tree chip removal 40–70 m3/ha, and average stem size of removal 10–40 dm3). Metsäteho Oy undertook a study on the total production costs of small-sized thinning wood chips with and without the Kemera supports. The results gave a clear indication that small-sized wood chips cannot currently be produced without the Kemera supports from young stands with typical harvesting conditions. If operating without the Kemera supports, the average stem size of whole trees harvested must be greater than 80 dm3, at the current price level of small-diameter wood chips in order for the harvesting of small-diameter energy wood from young stands to be economically profitable in Finland.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...