Effect of EDTA on Production of Xylanase by Streptomyces Species and their Bleaching Effect on Papyrus and Cotton Stalk Pulp

Author

Zenat A Nagieb, Magda G El Milegy,  Hala MR Faat and KB Isis

Accepted 15 March, 2014.

Citation: Nagieb ZA, El Milegy MG, Faat HMR, Isis KB (2014). Effect of EDTA on Production of Xylanase by Streptomyces Species and their Bleaching Effect on Papyrus and Cotton Stalk Pulp. Int. J. Forestry Wood Sci. 1(1): 002-009.

Xylanase   production   using   Sterptomyces   rochei   and   Streptomyces chromofuscus was improved with untreated and treated different pulps as substrate. Xylanase was produced on treated pulp with a maximum activity of 43.01 u/ml. Streptomyces chromofuscus exhibited a higher xylanase activity using either untreated or treated pulp as substrate rather than Sterptomyces rochei it was found that kappa number decreased from 54 in case of control to 32.8. Streptomyces rochei but 30.2 in case of Streptomyces chromofuscus Also brightness was enhanced from14.1% in case of control to 10.4% and9.5% in case of treated with Streptomyces rochei and Streptomyces chromofuscus respectively. Lignin % was enhanced by treated by Streptomyces rochei from 27% to16.4% and to 15.1% in case of Streptomyces chromofuscus EDTA had great influence of activate enzyme xylanase to achieve excellent bleaching IR,X-ray and electron microscope were also studied.

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Continuous cover forestry and harvest event analysis

Author

Adrien N. Djomo

Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada.

Accepted 15 September, 2014. 

Citation: Djomo AN (2014). Continuous cover forestry and harvest event analysis. Int. J. Forestry Wood Sci., 1(2): 010-022.

Copyright: © 2014 Djomo AN. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.

Abstract 

Continuous cover forest management system is gaining popularity to clear-felling and the rotation management system associated. Very few researches have been done to assess this management system. A harvest event was analysed in a Reinhausen forest compartment of 2ha, belonging to the state forest of Göttingen; Göttingen is situated in the state of Lower Saxony in Germany. The harvest has modified the stem number per hectare mostly in bigger class of diameter. The diameter class the most affected was between 14 and 23 cm. The harvest affected 11% of the stem in the stand and was constituted only by Fagussilvatica (7.5%) and Fraxinus excelsior (3.5%) which are the main species of this forest. The thinning removed 15% of the basal area and 16% of the volume of the forest stand. The type of thinning was thinning from above (high thinning). Apart from Fagussilvatica that the average height of trees reduces of 45cm after harvest, there was no difference on average height after harvest for other species. The harvest event has induced changes on the spatial distribution of the forest stand. The impact of this modification on environment has not been analyzed by this study.

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Assessments of environment and safety in small and micro-enterprise: Furniture factory

Author

Pardeep Kumar Poddar and Omprakash Sahu* 

Accepted 10 December, 2014.

Citation: Sahu O, Poddar PK (2014). Assessments of Environemnt and Safety in Small and Micro- Enterprise: Furniture Factory. Int. J. Forestry Wood Sci. 2(1): 023-030.

Copyright: © 2014 Sahu and Poddar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. 

Abstract

The dynamic role of micro and small enterprises in developing countries as engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved has long been recognized. Furniture Factory has its own impact and issue on the society and environment. Wood furniture manufacturing process uses many chemicals and natural resources. It generates considerable amounts of waste materials as well. The operations activities include drying, sawing, waxing, sanding, and finishing, all of which may release pollutants into the air and may contribute to health concerns in the operation and in the community. In most developing countries, small and micro industry faces constraints both at start up phases and after their establishment. The objective of this study has been developed to discover how to Improve work environment and worker safety and to comply with the standards. Moreover, to further minimize impacts on human health and the environment.

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An improved method for RNA extraction from woody legume species Acacia koa A. Gray and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Author

Kazue Ishihara1, Eric K.W. Lee2, Dulal Borthakur3*

1,2,3*Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States.

Accepted December 12, 2015.

Citation: Ishihara K, Lee EKW, Borthakur D (2016). An improved method for RNA extraction from woody legume species Acacia koa A. Gray and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Int. J. Forestry Wood Sci. 3(1): 031-035.

Copyright: © 2016 Ishihara et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited.

Abstract

It is difficult to extract high-quality RNA of sufficient quantity from the stem tissues of tree legumes, such as Acacia koa and Leucaena leucocephala, because they contain high amounts of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides. The objective of this study was to develop an improved protocol that produces high-quality RNA from the stem tissues of these tree legumes. We developed a modified method that utilizes a lysis buffer containing a mixture of two commercially available reagents, RLT buffer from Qiagen RNeasy Kit and Fruit-mate™ from Takara. Comparison of the modified method with four other RNA extraction methods (Qiagen RNeasy, Fruit-mate™, TRIzol, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)) showed that the modified method was far superior to the other methods. The extracted RNA produced reproducible DNA products in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This improved protocol is rapid and easy, and it will facilitate genetic studies of A. koa, L. leucocephala, and other woody plants.

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Basic wood properties of Acacia mangium in Sabah, Malaysia

Author

Research Highlights 2005

The forestry industry is still one of the most important industries in Sabah, despite the rapid shrinkage of forested areas. Logs for timber are produced mainly from natural forests and partly from plantation forests in Southeast Asia. In the case of Sabah, for example, logs produced from natural forests and plantation forests totaled 2,588,417 m3 and 250,018 m3, respectively, in 2001. Of logs from natural forests, species of Dipterocarpaceae are the most important element, making up 65.8% of the total volume. However, these valuable resources are now precipitously declining as a result of overexploitation of the natural forests, and there is an urgent need to consider the sustainable supply and effective utilization of timber. It is thus very important to increase the share of timber from plantation forests to prevent the degradation of natural forests. Acacia mangium is the commonest plantation tree species in Southeast Asia. In Sabah, out of a total 130,655 ha of forest plantation, 106,581 ha are planted with fast-growing species, of which A. mangium account for about 72%. However, 94.6% of logs of A. mangium produced in 2002 were exported to other countries without any processing in Sabah. The purpose of this study was to investigate the basic wood properties of A. mangium to enable more effective use of its timber. 　　For the investigation of basic wood properties such as wood density and length of wood fiber, 13 year old Acacia mangium Willd. trees in the plantation of Segaliud Lokan of the Forest Research Centre of Sabah (FRC) were investigated. In 2003, eleven trees of several sizes (height: 21.8 –33.7 m, DBH: 14.3 – 42.8 cm) were cut, and sample disks were collected every 2 m, starting at breast height. After drying in an air-conditioned room, a disk at each position was cut into strips 3 cm wide, containing pith, using a bandsaw. The strips were divided into small blocks every 3 cm (1 cm at the strip taken at DBH) from the pith using a hatchet. The air-dried densities of each block were measured using a floating method. Small pieces of wood were taken from the blocks every 3 cm (1 cm at the strip taken at DBH) from the pith, and macerated using Franklin’s method (6% acetic acid, 6% hydrogen peroxide, 60 ˚C x 48 hrs). The length of the wood fibers was measured under a light microscope equipped with a measurement system (VM-60N Video Micrometer, Olympus) 　　Fig. 1 shows the radial variation in wood density and the length of wood fibers at breast height in the trunks. The wood density and the length of wood fibers increased from the pith to the bark, and showed almost constant values in the outer part from 9 cm distance from the pith. Fig. 2 shows longitudinal variation in the wood density and length of wood fiber. There was no significant difference in the pattern of radial variation of the wood density and the fiber length among the disks taken from different height positions on the trunk. 　　These results indicate that the wood outer part from 9 cm from the pith has uniform properties in A. mangium planted in Sabah. This means that trees with a higher growth rate produce more wood with uniform properties than trees with a lower growth rate. Our results are of potential use as fundamental data for the industry to utilize A. mangium timber more effectively, and for policymakers to select sites for plantations of A. mangium. (H. Abe)

Fig. 1. Radial variation of (A) wood density and (B) length of wood fiber at breast height of trunks of A. mangium. Fig. 2. Positional change in the radial variations of (A) wood density, and of (B) length of wood fiber with height of trunk of A. mangium.

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RFORMANCES OF TWO PROTOTYPES OF LOG EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES USING THE SKYLINE SYSTEM

Author

Wesman Endom, Satria Astana

Abstract

Timber extraction from felling area to road side is not an easy job. This activity facing a number of  difficulties particularly due to geo-biophysical conditions, such as steep terrain, up and/or down-hill, valley or river-to be crossed, slippery road and also the size of the timber and low accessibility. To anticipate those obstacles two engineering designs of the skyline system had been tried, the so called Expo-2000 Generation-1, using gasoline engine of  6 HP (G-1), and Expo-2000 Generation-3 using diesel
engine of  12 HP (G-3). G-1 model has been tested in Cimeong and Rancaparang in 2011. G-3 model has been examined in Cibatu Canjur and Cibaliung Banten in 2013. This paper evaluates the modification of skyline system for steep terrain and to compare the performance between two modified skyline systems, in term of productivity and cost. The data collected included working time, log volume extracted, log extraction distance and fuel used. Data were analyzed to get the average productivity and cost of operation. Result show that prototype G-3 with logs in horizontal position at a distance of  130-430 m, can extract logs averaging 1.72 m3/hr, at a cost of  about Rp 80,346/m3, while prototype G-1 and logs in vertical position at a  distance of  about 50-320 m, could only extract logs averaging ± 0.85 m3/ hr at a cost of about Rp 156,351/m3. It suggests that prototype Expo-2000 G-3 is more effective for log extraction logs in steep terrain.

Keywords

skyline; logs extraction; horizontal load; efficiency; steep terrain

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References

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2017.4.1.1-14

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EFFECTS OF DRAINAGE DITCHES ON WATER TABLE LEVEL, SOIL CONDITIONS AND TREE GROWTH OF DEGRADED PEATLAND FORESTS IN WEST KALIMANTAN

Author
Dwi Astiani, Burhanuddin Burhanuddin, Lisa M. Curran, Mujiman Mujiman, Ruspita Salim

Abstract

Currently, tropical peatland forests are under considerable pressure because of increasing deforestation and degradation of forests. In Kalimantan, degradation and deforestation of peatland forests are driven primarily by industrial logging,  expansion of agricultural activities through primarily conversion of forests to agricultural land and oil palm plantations. By the establishment of intensive drainage, it can induce wildfires in peatland. Unmanaged drainage ditches will alter water table levels within the site adjacent to the drainage including to surrounding peatland forest. Water table assessments were conducted before and after peatland drainage on 2007/2009 and 2012/2015 in Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan. This paper studies the effect of drainage ditches into the peatland water table. Results show the establishment of drainage ditches on this peatland landscape lowered the water table by more than 3 times from ~11.7 cm (SE = 1.5, n = 5) to ~37.3 cm (SE = 2.1 cm, n = 26). The effect on the water table was in drier months of  July-August.  Lowering the water table level altered worst the soil micro climate, peat temperature and peat water content. The results indicate the land use changes in peatland with the establishment of drainage affects peatland water table currently. In the area of less than 500 m from the drainage, the water level tends to lower toward the drainage feature. Therefore, recovery of peatland forests should be initiated by managing the landscape hydrology (i.e. water table) to restore the ecosystem and to protect the remaining peat swamp forest.

Keywords

degraded peatland forest; drainage ditches; ecosystem restoration; soil micro climates; tropical peatland

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2017.4.1.15-25

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NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCT (NTFP) COMMODITIES HARVESTED AND MARKETED BY LOCAL PEOPLE AT THE LOCAL MARKETS IN MANOKWARI – WEST PAPUA

Author
Wahyudi Wahyudi

Abstract

The biodiversity richness of tropical forests in Papua provides substantial livelihood necessities for most forest people. This includes Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), under-valued, neglected, or minor forest commodities that play a key role for the entire livelihood of  the forest people. This paper highlights the diversity of  NTFP marketed by the local people of  Papua at traditional markets in Manokwari, West Papua. Data were collected from twenty respondents selected randomly from two local markets at Manokwari and field visits to surrounding (primary or secondary) forests, and analyzed using simple statistical analysis. The result indicates that 29 NTFPs commodities were on the market, and grouped into vegetables (9), food (4), fruit (7),  medicinal herbs (4), tools (3) and addictive material (2). These commodities give alternative incomes, create unskilled jobs to the female-forest dwellers at Manokwari, and provide daily fresh vegetables and nutritious products for local customers. The marketed NTFPs are harvested from surrounding primary or secondary forest areas of  Manokwari. Banana is the most favorable commodity in high demand either serving as food or fruit. Sago (Metroxylon spp.) is the only commodity supplied from other areas out of  Manokwari, mainly from Wondama, Biak, Jayapura, and Serui. Annual events of  Christmas and New Year create the highest demand for sago processed to papeda, that represent cultural or heritage food for most of the Papuanese family gatherings. Cultivation of  these NTFPs has to be seriously considered for sustainable harvest due to the current extensive harvesting from the nature which will deplete the resources if  no intensive cultivation carried out. To sustain availability of fresh daily needs, and provide alternative income to local people, local government, forest institutions, universities, non government organizations, and motivators need to work together to gain added value and secure sustainable supply of those NTFPs.

Keywords

Non-Timber Forest Products; local market; iWest Papua

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References

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2017.4.1.27-35
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GIS BASED FLOOD HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY MAPPING: A CASE STUDY OF TIDAL AND RIVER FLOODS IN DOWNSTREAM OF CIASEM WATERSHED, SUBANG-WEST JAVA

Author

Budi Hadi Narendra, Harris Herman Siringoringo, Chairil Anwar Siregar

Abstract

Flood events in downstream of  Ciasem watershed are believed to occur due to degradation of  watershed and mangrove cover. This paper studies the flood hazard and vulnerability caused by tidal and river flood, mainly on vegetation and built up areas as the main element of  risk. The observation was focused at downstream of  Ciasem watershed, located in MuaraVillage, Blanakan subdistrict, north coastal region of  Subang District. Tidal flood hazard was mapped using iteration process in ILWIS 3.4 software while river flood hazard map was made up incorporating elevation, slope and river characteristics using hydrological tools (HEC-geo RAS and HEC-RAS) in ArcGIS 10 software. Those hazard maps were then utilized to determine element of  risk covering vegetation and built up areas. Result showed that tidal inundation started to happen in the western area dominated by fish ponds as the main element of  risk.When sea level rose up to 90 cm height, settlement areas were experiencing inundation by tidal flood. Ciasem River began to over flowwhen the river discharge exceeded 160 m³/sec and inundated the paddy fields, fish ponds and settlements. This study indicated that fish ponds and paddy fields having high vulnerability to the flood event while that of  settlements and roads depend on the construction materials. Flood disaster risk should be reduced by continuing the land rehabilitation activity, restoring mangrove vegetation, implementing government regulations on management and establishment of  aquaculture in mangrove, and carefully considering  the construction of  coastal protection barriers.

Keywords

hazard map, river flood, tidal flood, vulnerability map, watershed

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2017.4.1.37-48

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND FOREST MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA: SECURING THE BASIC RIGHTS FOR ADAT PEOPLE

Author

Hunggul Yudono Setio Hadi Nugroho, Anne van der Veen, Andrew Skidmore, Yousif A. Hussin

Abstract

Limited transparency, accountability, and participation in policy formulation as well as implementation mainly based on economic considerations, all lead to failure to attain sustainable forest management (SFM).  Along with the reluctance of policy makers and lacking stakeholder capacity, less accurate data bases has also indicated a constraint in the development of appropriate action. The issues have been more complicated where they were correlated with economic imperatives, vested interest, ownership issues and the basic rights of indigenous communities living inside or adjacent the forest.  Forest destruction will be no end without securing customary  land and territorial rights.  To cope with these issues, the concept of fair governance has been promoted as an alternative to the traditional pattern of administration. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework for policy development in order to attain SFM while respecting the rights of the adat people.  We show that adaptive governance, adaptive management, and participatory learning are strategic approaches in  governance reform to achieve sustainable forest management securing the customary rights and traditional land use of forest dependent people.

Keywords

Forest management, adaptive governance, spatial planning, Indonesia, adat

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2017.4.1.69-83
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