Structural rearrangement of mesostructured silica nanoparticles incorporated with ZnO catalyst and its photoactivity: Effect of alkaline aqueous electrolyte concentration

Published Date

1 March 2015, Vol.330:10–19, doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.12.192

Title 

Structural rearrangement of mesostructured silica nanoparticles incorporated with ZnO catalyst and its photoactivity: Effect of alkaline aqueous electrolyte concentration

• Author 

• N.W.C. Jusoh ^a
• A.A. Jalil ^a,b,,
• S. Triwahyono ^c
• A.H. Karim ^c
• N.F. Salleh ^a
• N.H.R. Annuar ^c
• N.F. Jaafar ^c
• M.L. Firmansyah ^c
• R.R. Mukti ^d
• M.W. Ali ^a,b

• aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
• bInstitute of Hydrogen Economy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
• cDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
• dDivision of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl Ganesha No 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Received 2 September 2014. Revised 12 November 2014. Accepted 30 December 2014. Available online 5 January 2015.

Highlights

• •
  Hierarchical-like structure of MSN was formed in alkaline aqueous electrolyte.
• •
  Desilication generated abundant silanol groups and oxygen vacancies.
• •
  Zn²⁺ inserted to external –OH groups of the MSN to form Si–O–Zn bonds.
• •
  Oxygen vacancies trapped electrons to enhance electron–hole pair separation.
• •
  Hydroxyl radical generated from three main sources greatly influenced photoactivity.

Abstract

ZnO-incorporated mesostructured silica nanoparticles (MSN) catalysts (ZM) were prepared by the introduction of Zn ions into the framework of MSN via a simple electrochemical system in the presence of various concentrations of NH₄OH aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were studied by XRD, ²⁹Si MAS NMR, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, FE-SEM, TEM, FTIR, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Characterization results demonstrated that the alkaline aqueous electrolyte simply generated abundant silanol groups on the surface of the catalysts as a consequence of desilication to form the hierarchical-like structure of the MSN. Subsequent restructuring of the silica network by the creation of oxygen vacancies and formation of Si–O–Zn during the electrolysis, as well as formation of new Si–O–Si bonds during calcination seemed to be the main factors that enhanced the catalytic performance of photodecolorization of methyl orange. A ZM prepared in the presence of 1.0 M NH₄OH (ZM-1.0) was determined to be the most effective catalyst. The catalyst displays a higher first-order kinetics rate of 3.87 × 10⁻¹ h⁻¹ than unsupported ZnO (1.13 × 10⁻¹ h⁻¹) that prepared under the same conditions in the absence of MSN. The experiment on effect of scavengers showed that hydroxyl radicals generated from the three main sources; reduced O₂ at the conduction band, decomposed water at the valence band and irradiated H₂O₂ in the solution, are key factors that influenced the reaction. It is also noted that the recycled ZM-1.0 catalyst maintained its activity up to five runs without serious catalyst deactivation.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

• Structural rearrangement
• Alkaline electrolyte
• Mesostructured silica nanoparticles
• Zinc oxide
• Photodecolorization

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• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author at: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Tel.: +60 7 5535581; fax: +60 7 5588166.
  
  

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Pathogen diversity and screening for minor gene resistance to Pyrenophora teres f. teres in barley and its use for plant breeding

Author

H. Wallwork, 

M. Butt, 

E. Capio

Original Paper

First Online: 

30 July 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s13313-016-0433-4

Cite this article as: 

Wallwork, H., Butt, M. & Capio, E. Australasian Plant Pathol. (2016). doi:10.1007/s13313-016-0433-4

Abstract

The diversity of isolates of Pyrenophora teres f. teres, the causal agent of net form net blotch (NFNB), was studied using a set of 24 Australian barley varieties. Screening at the seedling and adult plant stages was used to detect and demonstrate the relative importance of resistance at both growth stages. The results showed that almost all isolates vary in virulence as expected from a sexually reproducing population and the measure of diversity is mainly limited by the number of differential varieties/lines used in the tests. The recent history of virulence changes in the South Australian pathogen population is described and illustrated through NFNB pathotype tests. Pathotype evidence for durable resistance in commercial varieties is demonstrated. The methods used for pathotype analysis are applicable for the breeding and selection of durable resistance for NFNB in barley.

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Some biochemical defense responses enhanced by soluble silicon in bitter gourd-powdery mildew pathosystem

Published Date
August 2016, Volume 45, Issue 4, pp 425–433

Title 
Some biochemical defense responses enhanced by soluble silicon in bitter gourd-powdery mildew pathosystem

Author 

R. M. R. N. K. Ratnayake, 

W. A. M. Daundasekera, 

H. M. Ariyarathne, 

M. Y. U. Ganehenege

Article

First Online: 

09 July 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s13313-016-0429-0

Cite this article as: 

Ratnayake, R.M.R.N.K., Daundasekera, W.A.M., Ariyarathne, H.M. et al. Australasian Plant Pathol. (2016) 45: 425. doi:10.1007/s13313-016-0429-0

Abstract

Silicon (Si) has been exploited for its beneficial effects in terms of disease control in many plants. Added Si was found to accumulate beneath the cuticle and act as a barrier against pathogen penetration, and also induce biochemical defense responses in plants. This study investigated the effect of soluble silicon (Si) supply on biochemical defense responses against powdery mildew pathogen (Erysiphe sp.) in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.), an intermediate Si accumulator. Supplying the sand-based growth medium with 200 ppm potassium silicate (Si+) significantly reduced the severity of powdery mildew infections, elevated the activities of enzymes peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and pathogenesis-related proteins; chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in bitter gourd leaves after challenged by Erysiphesp. compared with those grown in control mix (Si−). After 7 weeks growth in Si-amended medium, leaves accumulated nearly seven times as much silicon (3.36 % dry weight) as those grown in control mix (0.44 % dry weight). The total Si content in leaves gradually decreased after the Si amendment was ceased. Si + plants exhibited a stronger antifungal activity against Cladosporium cladosporioides. Three zones with antifungal activity were revealed after separation of methanolic leaf extracts on thin-layer chromatography plates, out of which one compound was found to have induced by Si and/or Erysiphe infection, and another induced only by Si amendment. These results suggest that Si would play an active role in strengthening resistance in bitter gourd plants against powdery mildew by stimulating expression of several biochemical defense reactions.

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