Urban woodland management guide 3 - complaints and queries

What is Scrapbook?

Scrapbook

Back to publication listing

Authors:	Publication date:	Publication type:	Pages:
The Woodland Trust	2002	Practical guidance	16

• Download this publication (482 kb)

This guide provides advice and guidance to those that are often in the front line dealing with enquiries from members of the public...

Urban woods with a high level of public use can present a different set of challenges to site managers. Handling complains and queries can often be a challenge for woodland owners and managers.

For further details log on website :
https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/publications/2002/10/urban-woodland-guide-3/

Urban woodland management guide 2 - litter and fly tipping

What is Scrapbook?

Scrapbook

Back to publication listing

Authors:	Publication date:	Publication type:	Pages:
The Woodland Trust	2002	Practical guidance	21

• Download this publication (424 kb)

Read our guide on tackling litter and fly tipping in urban woods...

Litter and fly-tipping are major issues in urban woods and can result in considerable annual expenditure. Sites with large amounts of litter are perceived as badly cared for and neglected, but this is often not the case. Managers have a number of options to tackle this issue and these are highlighted in this guide. 

For further information log on website :
https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/publications/2002/10/urban-woodland-guide-2/

Urban woodland management guide 1 - damage and misuse

What is Scrapbook?

Scrapbook

Back to publication listing

Authors:	Publication date:	Publication type:	Pages:
The Woodland Trust	2002	Practical guidance	25

• Download this publication (1 kb)

Read about some of the challenges of dealing with vandalism and misuse in urban woodlands...

Urban woods with a high level of public use can present a different set of challenges to site managers. The pressures on urban woodlands can be greater than those in a more rural locations. Vandalism, misuse and development are just some of the challenges that managers may need to deal with that are covered by this guide.

For further information log on website :
https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/publications/2002/10/urban-woodland-guide-1/

Russian Forest Industry Annual Review 2013

Read more on http://whatwood.ru/english/tovary/russian-forest-industry-annual-review-2013/

Forestry&logging, Pulp&paper, Woodworking

What is annual analytic study “Russian forest industry”:

- Detailed review of Russian forest-based industries. Major trends on the domestic market and overview of key export sales markets for Russian wood products.
- Overview of Russian economy: GDP, investments, construction and wooden housing, industrial production.
- Forest policy: legal changes in the forest-related laws of Russia.
- Forestry: review of the sector.
- Logging: volumes in terms of Russian regions, exports, sawlog and pulpwood monthly prices, special feature “Pulpwood trade balance and logging cost structure in the North-West Russia”.
- Woodworking: production (including Top-100 Russian sawn timber producers), investment projects, exports/imports of lumber and wood-based panels (plywood, chipboard, fibreboard, MDF, OSB), major trends on the key markets (Europe, Middle East, China, Japan), base prices for export deliveries.
- Pulp & paper: production of wood pulp, exports/imports of softwood sulphate bleached and unbleached pulp, of hardwood sulphate unbleached pulp. Paper and board exports/imports.
- Bioenergy: review of the wood pellet market (Russia, Europe, East Asia), exports/imports, investment projects, base and statistic average prices of pellet exports.
- Free additional publications: Top-100 forest industry companies in Russia and Summing-up price review for 2013.

Press release about the study

The review has 111 pages (PDF format), 124 charts, 60 tables, and 10 maps.

If you are registered and logged in, the price will be shown with a 5% discount.

There are two easy ways to purchase this product, choose the one which is the most convenient for you:

1. Send us a request to zakaz@whatwood.ru, and we’ll contact you promptly (within 1-2 working days) to issue an invoice and perform your order.
2. Click on the “Buy now” button below to add the product into the cart, then pay your order in the cart using Visa, MasterCard or any other method available via ROBOKASSA payment service.

If you have questions concerning this study, you can also call us at +7 905 704 5133 (Moscow time: GMT +3).

Read more on http://whatwood.ru/english/tovary/russian-forest-industry-annual-review-2013/

For further information log on website :
http://whatwood.ru/english/tovary/russian-forest-industry-annual-review-2013/

Plywood market in Russia in 2012 – 1H 2013

Read more on http://whatwood.ru/english/tovary/plywood-market-in-russia-in-2012-1h-2013/

Woodworking

The study covers the market of plywood, competing wood-based materials and housing construction in Russia in terms of production, internal consumption, exports and imports; outlook is provided on launch of new capacities and development of the Russian plywood industry and its export markets.

This product has over 50 pages. You may read press release about it.

The study was prepared on request from a large global equipment producer.

What other companies are WhatWood’s subscribers?

If you are registered and logged in, the price will be shown with an additional 5% discount.

There are two easy ways to purchase this product, choose the one which is the most convenient for you:
1. Send us a request to zakaz@whatwood.ru, and we’ll contact you promptly (within 1-2 working days) to issue an invoice and perform your order.
2. Click on the “Buy now” button below to add the product into the cart, then pay your order in the cart using Visa, MasterCard or any other method available via ROBOKASSA payment service.

Read more on http://whatwood.ru/english/tovary/plywood-market-in-russia-in-2012-1h-2013/

For further information log on website :
http://whatwood.ru/english/tovary/plywood-market-in-russia-in-2012-1h-2013/

Polymer hybrid thin-film composites for food packaging and membrane filters

Published Date

Date : October 23, 2014

Source: Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)

Summary: Researchers have developed new hybrid materials for use in the manufacture and modification of thin-film composites. The project resulted in new materials suitable for instance for food packaging with enhanced diffusion barrier and for membrane filters with improved anti-fouling properties used in water purification. In the future, similar materials may find use in flexible OLED displays and in wall and ceiling panels.

Share:

FULL STORY

---

Thin-film composites can be manufactured using a roll-to-roll process. The photo shows the VTT coating production line.

Credit: VTT

Juha Nikkola M.Sc.(Tech.), Senior Scientist at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, developed new hybrid materials in his doctoral research project for use in the manufacture and modification of thin-film composites. The project resulted in new materials suitable for instance for food packaging with enhanced diffusion barrier and for membrane filters with improved anti-fouling properties used in water purification. In the future, similar materials may find use in flexible OLED displays and in wall and ceiling panels.

The doctoral research project involved developing surface materials that decrease bacterial adhesion to the surface. Improved surface materials can help keep membrane filters or wall surfaces clean or improve the preservation of food.

Food spoilage can be delayed with a new type of cardboard package coated with a plastic incorporating the thin-film composite structure developed in the present project. Such diffusion barrier materials may also find use in flexible OLED displays in the electronics industry or in replacing thickly layered paint on wall and ceiling panels.

The doctoral research project involved studying and developing flexible thin-film composites using various coating techniques and studying the impact of the surface layer on the permeability and anti-fouling properties of the thin-film composite. The hybrid materials developed can be produced in roll-to-roll processing. The research focused on atmospheric plasma deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD) and sol-gel deposition techniques. 

What are hybrid materials?

A hybrid material is simply a combination of two materials at the macro, micro or nano level. Hybrid material is typically a blend, multilayer or nanostructured material. For instance, multilayer structures manufactured using thin-film deposition techniques can be named as hybrid materials. Thin-film composites usually consist of three layers with different functions. The support and core layers provide the mechanical properties such as strength and flexibility. The core layer may also have properties affecting the chemical durability, permeability or composition of the composite. The properties required of the skin layer may have to do with separation efficiency, diffusion barrier performance, roughness, surface energy or liquid or gas permeability.

Story Source:

Materials provided by Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT). Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

---

Cite This Page:

• MLA
• APA
• Chicago

Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT). "Polymer hybrid thin-film composites for food packaging and membrane filters." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 23 October 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141023091000.htm>.

For further details log on website :
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141023091000.htm

Polyester Blend Aids In Scientific Pursuit Of Future Composites

Published Date

Date: May 6, 1999. 

Source: National Institute Of Standards And Technology

Summary: Scientists at the Commerce Department's National Institute of Standards and Technology today announced that they have taken a major step toward the manufacture of strong yet inexpensive composite materials, developing a more efficient production method than those currently in use.

Share:

FULL STORY

---

Scientists at the Commerce Department's National Institute ofStandards and Technology today announced that they have taken amajor step toward the manufacture of strong yet inexpensivecomposite materials, developing a more efficient productionmethod than those currently in use.

Today's molded composite parts are used in everything from cars,boats and aircraft to sporting goods and other consumer products.They are made by first fashioning skeletons out of a woven fabricof fibers, such as glass or carbon, and then injecting thosepre-formed structures with plastic resins, or by molding apre-mixed paste of resin and fibers. The reinforcing fibersimpart greater strength to the composite parts. But the processis complicated, expensive and labor intensive.

Therefore, materials scientists have been trying to makeso-called "molecular composites" that naturally contain built-infibers. The result would be a sort of self-assembled compositethat could be injected into molds, eliminating steps now neededto incorporate fibers separately. Although the idea for molecularcomposites--a flexible polymer reinforced by a rigid polymer--wasfirst conceived more than 20 years ago by late Nobel laureatePaul J. Flory, scientists only recently have been able to producethem.

NIST researchers achieved such a composite and have learned howthe reinforcing fibers form. This work was presented today in aposter paper in New York, during this year's Annual TechnicalConference of the Society of Plastics Engineers. The paper waswritten by Fang Qiao, Kalman Migler and Charles C. Han,scientists in the Polymers Division of the NIST Materials Scienceand Engineering Laboratory.

The researchers have developed a process in which polyester isdramatically strengthened with a material known as a liquidcrystalline polymer. The liquid crystalline polymer used in theresearch is called Vectra , a plastic material similar to Kevlarthat is five times stronger than steel. By combining the polymerand polyester at just the right mixing speed and temperature, theVectra forms fibrils that are embedded in the polyester andattached to the polyester molecules. That attachment is essentialfor reinforcement and is enhanced by adding epoxy, which acts asa coupler between the polyester and the liquid crystallinepolymer molecules.

Polyester is used because its chemical structure is ideal formaking bonds with the liquid crystalline polymer. Theresearchers, who have been working on the process for a year anda half, also developed a system that uses a light-scatteringdetector and video microscopy to analyze the composite materialas it is being produced, allowing critical adjustments to be madein chemistry, temperature, composition and mixing speed in realtime.

So far, the research has shown that the strength of polyester ismore than doubled in a composite containing only 0.2 percent ofVectra . At around $8 a pound, Vectra is far more expensive thanpolyester, which costs less than $1 a pound. For that reason, theaim is to use as little liquid crystalline polymer as necessaryto produce composites with the necessary strengths and otherproperties.

The NIST research is ongoing. Future work will include researchwith mixtures that contain higher concentrations of Vectra , orother types of liquid crystalline polymers, yielding evenstronger polyester materials.

As a non-regulatory agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce'sTechnology Administration, NIST promotes economic growth byworking with industry to develop and apply technology,measurements and standards through four partnerships: theMeasurement and Standards Laboratories, the Advanced TechnologyProgram, the Manufacturing Extension Partnership and the BaldrigeNational Quality Prgram.

---

Story Source:

Materials provided by National Institute Of Standards And Technology. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

---

Cite This Page:

• MLA
• APA
• Chicago

National Institute Of Standards And Technology. "Polyester Blend Aids In Scientific Pursuit Of Future Composites." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 May 1999. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/05/990506065443.htm>.

For further details log on website :
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/05/990506065443.htm?trendmd-shared=0

Wood-polymer composite furniture with low flammability

Published Date

Date: May 7, 2015

Source: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft

Summary: Wood is a popular material in interior design, but its water absorbency limits its use in bathrooms, where natural wood easily becomes discolored or moldy. Scientists have developed a wood-polymer composite material for furniture that is resistant to humidity and has low flammability.

Share:

FULL STORY

---

WPC board without (above) and with (below) flame-proofing.

Credit: © Fraunhofer WKI

Wood is a popular material in interior design, but its water absorbency limits its use in bathrooms, where natural wood easily becomes discolored or moldy. Fraunhofer scientists and partners have developed a wood-polymer composite material for furniture that is resistant to humidity and has low flammability.

Resource-saving wood-polymer composites (WPCs) are the latest trend in materials for garden furniture and other outdoor applications, especially for terrace decking and also for weatherboarding and fencing panels. As part of the EU-sponsored LIMOWOOD project, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research, Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI in Braunschweig are now collaborating with industrial partners in Belgium, Spain, France and Germany on the development of materials suitable for pressing into moisture-resistant WPC boards for indoor furniture manufacturing.

These boards are composed of around 60 percent wood particles and 40 percent thermoplastic material, generally polypropylene or polyethylene. Both wood and plastic components can be sourced from recycling streams. The wood component in WPC boards can be replaced by other lignocellulose products derived from the fibrous part of plants such as hemp or cotton, or the husks of rice grains and sunflower seeds. All of these materials are 100-percent recyclable. Moreover, the pressed WPC boards produced by the WKI researchers are formaldehyde-free. "The controversial question of formaldehyde emissions due to the binder used in conventional pressed wood products is therefore not an issue in this case," says WKI research scientist Dr. Arne Schirp.

Tests demonstrate low flammability of WPC boards

By choosing appropriate additives, the researchers were able to enhance the fire-retardant properties of their WPC boards. They initially developed their formula on a laboratory scale, using commercially available, halogen-free fire retardants which were added to the wood-polymer mixture during the melt phase. The first step involved determining the limiting oxygen index of the item under test: this parameter defines the behavior of plastics or wood-filled plastic compounds when exposed to flames. It represents the minimum concentration of oxygen at which the material will continue to burn after catching fire. The higher this value, the lower the material's flammability. Schirp and his colleagues obtained the best results with a combination of fire retardants such as red phosphorus and expanded graphite. The limiting oxygen index of WPC boards treated in this way extends up to 38 percent, provided the wood particles they contained were also flame-proofed. By comparison, the limiting oxygen index of a standard wood particle board is 27 percent, and that of an untreated WPC board is 19 percent. Even in a single-flame source test, in which a Bunsen burner is held against the test sample, the treated WPC boards demonstrated a high fire resistance. Even after 300 seconds' exposure, the boards didn't catch fire. By contrast, the reference samples -- of a standard wood particle board and an untreated WPC board -- caught fire and continued to burn.

Another particular feature of the new WPC material is that it absorbs very little water and is thus highly suitable for use in bathrooms and kitchens. Even after being immersed in boiling water for five hours, the material emerges intact, whereas conventional wood particle board was completely destroyed by this test. The only limiting factor on applications of WPC is its inability to support high static loads. But even here, it has been possible to increase its bending strength to a level that far exceeds that of conventional particle board by utilizing a judicious mix of component materials.

Wood-polymer composites can be produced in many ways. The most commonly used processes are injection molding and extrusion, in which the various components -- wood fibers, thermoplastic materials, and additives -- are melted under high pressure at a high temperature and formed in a continuous mold. Arne Schirp's team has placed its focus on press technology, because it is the best way to produce boards for use in furniture construction. "The resulting boards have the same visual appeal as all-wood products and can be glued or screwed together to produce attractive furniture. They're suitable for all decorative, non-loadbearing elements." But there are many other applications for wood-polymer composites, including exterior weatherboarding of buildings, the construction of trade-show booths, and interior fittings for houses and ships. Through their development work, the partners in the LIMOWOOD project aim to fill the gap between the high and low ends of the furniture market, which ranges between expensive and not necessarily ecologically sound materials and cheap products made of particle or fiber board, which at present are mainly produced using formaldehyde-based binders. The WKI researchers will be presenting prototypes of their flame-resistant WPC boards at the Interzum trade show in Cologne from May 5 to 8.

---

Story Source:

Materials provided by Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

---

Cite This Page:

• MLA
• APA
• Chicago

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. "Wood-polymer composite furniture with low flammability." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 7 May 2015. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150507081944.htm>.

For further details log on website :
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150507081944.htm?trendmd-shared=0