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Saturday, 16 April 2016

LIST OF OLDEST TREES

This is a list of the oldest known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.


Pando an 80,000-year-old colony of quaking aspen, is the oldest known clonal tree, located in Utah, United States.
There are three tables of trees, which are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the centre is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.
The current record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be more than five millennia old.
A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 47,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed "Pando"), covering 106 acres (43 ha) in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah,  is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. The colony has been estimated to be 80,000 years old, although tree ring samples date individual, above-ground, trees at only an average of about 130 years. A colony of Huon pine  trees covering 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) on Mount Read, Tasmania is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.
NameAge (years)SpeciesLocationNotes
Old Hara5,065Great Basin bristlecone pine,
Pinus longaeva
White Mountains,  California,  United States,Oldest known currently living tree. Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan.
Methuselah4,847Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
Inyo County, California, United States.
Prometheus (WPN-114)4,844Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
Wheeler Peak, Nevada, United States.Cut down in 1964.
Gran Abuelo3,645Patagonian cypress,
Fitzroya cupressoides
Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos, Chile.Alive. Located within Alerce Costero National Park.
CBR263,266Giant sequoia,
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada,  California, United States.Dead.
D-213,220Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California, United StatesDead.
The President3,200Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California, United StatesAlive.
D-233,075Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California, United StatesDead.
CMC 33,033Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California, United StatesDead.
Scofield Juniper2,675Western Juniper,
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California, United StatesDead.
CB-90-112,458Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine.
Pinus aristata
central Colorado, United States.
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi2,302Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa
Anuradhapura, North Central Province, Sri Lanka.A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened. It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.
 ?2,200Coast Redwood,
Sequoia sempervirens
Northern California, United States.Dead.
Bennett Juniper2,200Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California, United States.
SHP 72,110Foxtail Pine,
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada, California, United States.
 ?1,942Subalpine Larch,
Larix lyallii
Kananaskis, Alberta, Canada.
CRE 1751,889Rocky Mountain Juniper,
Juniperus scopulorum
northern New Mexico, United States.
Miles Juniper1,827Western Juniper,
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California, United States.
 ?1,804Sugi,
Cryptomeria japonica
Yakushima Island, Japan.
KET 39961,718Limber Pine,
Pinus flexilis
Ketchum, Idaho, United States.
BFR-461,697Limber Pine,
Pinus flexilis
Wasatch Mountains, Utah, United States.
FL1171,677Northern Whitecedar,
Thuja occidentalis.                       
Ontario, Canada.
ERE.                  1,670Limber Pine,
Pinus flexilis
northern New Mexico, United States
RCR 11,666Foxtail Pine,
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada, California, United States
 ?1,661Limber Pine,
Pinus flexilis
South Park, Colorado, United States.
BBL 21,649Foxtail Pine.
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada, California, United States
BCK 691,649Baldcypress,
Taxodium distichum
Bladen County,  North Carolina, United States.
 ?1,636Nootka Cypress,
Callitropsis nootkatensis
Vancouver Island, Canada.
FL1011,567Northern Whitecedar,
Thuja occidentalis
Ontario, Canada.
 ?1,542Limber Pine,
Pinus flexilis
central Colorado, United States.
Name
Age (years)
Species
Location
Notes
Llangernyw Yew4,000-5,000Common Yew,
Taxus baccata.
Llangernyw, Conwy, North Wales.Girth of 10.75m. Situated in the churchyard of St. Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh4,000Mediterranean cypress,
Cupressus sempervirens
Abarkuh, Yazd, Iran.Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv", Alive.
The Senator3,500Pond cypress,
Taxodium ascendens
Longwood, Florida, United States.Destroyed by fire on January 16, 2012
Alishan Sacred Tree3,000Formosan cypress,
Chamaecyparis formosensis
Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi,  Taiwan.Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.
S’Ozzastru3,000–4,000Olive,
Olea europaea
Luras, Sardinia, Italy.
Patriarca da Floresta3,000Cariniana legalisSanta Rita do Passa Quatro, Brazil.Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest".
Raintree3,000Great Basin bristlecone pine,
Pinus longaeva
Spring Mountains, Nevada, USA.Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia2,850Olive,
Olea europaea
Santa Iria de Azóia, Portugal.Magnific Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID.
Unnamed2,850Olive,
Olea europaea
Loures, Lisboa, Portugal.Alive.
Kayano Ōsugi2,300Japanese cedar,
Cryptomeria japonica
Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa, Japan.Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Jōmon Sugi2,170–7,200Japanese cedar,
Cryptomeria japonica
Yakushima,  Japan.Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.
Ballyconnell Yew2,000–5,000Yew,
Taxus baccata
Ballyconnell, Annagh,  Ireland.Oldest tree in Ireland and possibly in Europe.
Fortingall Yew2,000–3,000Yew,
Taxus baccata
Fortingall, Perthshire, Scotland.Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.
Elia Vouvon2,000–5,000Olive
Olea europaea
Kolymvari,  Crete, Greece.Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi2,000–4,000Sweet chestnut,
Castanea sativa
Sicily,  Italy.Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Te Matua Ngahere2,000–3,000Kauri,
Agathis australis
Waipoua Forest, Northland, New Zealand.Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu2,000–3,000Asian Juniper,
Juniperus chinensis
Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk,  South Korea.Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda"..
Lady Liberty2,000Bald cypress,
Taxodium distichum
Longwood, Florida, United States.Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tnjri2,000Oriental plane,
Platens orientalis
Martuni Region, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.Oldest tree in Nagorno-Karabakh. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Stara Maslina2,000Olive,
Olea europaea
Stari Bar, BarMontenegro.
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree2,000Coast live oak,
Quercus agrifolia
Temecula, California, United States.Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
 ?2,000Olive,
Olea europaea
Tavira, Algarve, Portugal.Second oldest tree in Portugal
 ?2,000Olive,
Olea europaea
Exo Hora, Zakynthos, Greece.
 ?2,000Yew,
Taxus
Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia.A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.
Houkisugi at Nakagawa2,000Japanese cedar,
Cryptomeria japonica
Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita town, Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
Kongeegen1,500–2,000Pedunculate oak,
Quercus robur
Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand, Denmark.
Methuselah1,800Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens 
Woodside, California, United States.
Araucaria Madre1,800Araucaria AraucanaAraucanía, ChileLocated in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1.800 rings account for at least 1.800 years.
Granit oak1,700Pedunculate oak,
Quercus robur
Granit, Bulgaria.
Aubépines1,500Common hawthorn,
Crataegus monogyna
Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne, France.Oldest tree in France.
Angel Oak1,500Southern live oak,
Quercus virginiana
Charleston, South Carolina, United States.Highly speculative, live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.
Seven Sisters Oak1,500Southern live oak,
Quercus virginiana
Mandeville, Louisiana, United States.Highly speculative, live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.
Stelmužė Oak1,500-2,000Pedunculate oak,
Quercus robur
Stelmužė, Zarasai, Lithuania.Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Jardine Juniper1,500Rocky Mountain juniper,
Juniperus scopulorum
Logan Canyon, Utah, United States.
Árbol del Tule1,433–1,600Montezuma cypress,
Taxodium mucronatum
Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico.Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Henryków Yew1270Yew
Taxus baccata
Henryków Lubański, Poland.Oldest tree in Poland
Clonal trees
As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony (is alive in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.
NameAge (years)SpeciesLocationNotes
Pando80,000-1,000,000 Quaking aspen,
Populus tremuloides
Fishlake National Forest, Utah, United StatesCovers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (average age 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak.13,000Palmer oak,
Quercus palmeri
Jurupa Mountains, California, United States.Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.
Old Tjikko9,550Norway spruce,
Picea abies
Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna, Sweden.The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age was established using carbon dating and genetic matching. Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.
Old Rasmus9,500Norway spruce,
Picea abies
Härjedalen, Sweden[45]
 ?3,000 - 10,000Huon Pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii
Mount Read, Tasmania, AustraliaSeveral genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.
Notes

  1. ^ It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957". The age given here is based on this reference point.

References

  1. ^ Grant, Michael C. (1 October 1993). "The Trembling Giant" . Discover Magazine. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  2. ^ "Botanical Record-Breakers". W.P Armstrong. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  3. ^ "Quaking Aspen", National Park Service-  Bryce Canyon. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  4. ^ "SPECIES: Populus tremuloides". USDA - United States Forest Service. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  5. a b "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  6. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac" Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, OLDLIST". Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  7. ^ "Pinus longaeva". Gymnosperm Database. March 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  8. ^ Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo. 21 May 1993). "A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America". Science 260 (5111): 1104–1106. doi:10.1126/science.260.5111.1104 PMID 17806339
  9. ^ "Parque Nacional Alerce Costero". Conaf.cl (in Spanish). National Forest Corporation. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  10. ^ Brunstein, F. Craig; Yamaguchi, David K. (Aug 1992). "The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)". Arctic and Alpine Research 24 (3): 253–256. doi:10.2307/1551666, JSTOR 1551666.
  11. ^ Worrall, John (1990). "Subalpine Larch: Oldest Trees in Canada?". The Forestry Chronicle 66: 478–479. doi:10.5558/tfc66478-5.
  12. ^ Miles, D.H.; Worthington, M.J. (17–21 June 1998). "Sonora Pass junipers from California USA: construction of a 3,500-year chronology". In Stravinskiene, V.; Juknys, R. Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends - Proceedings of the International Conference. Kaunas, Lithuania: Vytautas Magnas University Department of Environmental Sciences.
  13. ^ Suzuki, Eizi; Tsukahara, Jun (1987). "Age structure and regeneration of old growth Cryptomeria japonica forests on Yakushima Island". J. of Plant Research 100 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1007/BF02492832.
  14. ^ Schulman, E. (1956). Dendroclimatic Changes in Semiarid America. Tucson: Univ. of Ariz. Press.
  15. ^ Larson, D. W.; Kelly, P. E. (1991). "The extent of old-growth Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment". Canadian Journal of Botany 69 (7): 1628–1636. doi:10.1139/b91-206.

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