Carbonization of reaction wood from Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus densiflora branch woods

Original

Wood Science and Technology

pp 1-15

First online: 07 May 2016

• Yue Qi
• , Jae-Hyuk Jang
• , Wahyu Hidayat
• , Ae-Hee Lee
• , Seung-Hwan Lee
• , Hee-Mun Chae
• , Nam-Hun Kim

Abstract

The carbonization characteristics of tension wood (TW) and compression wood (CW) from Paulownia tomentosaand Pinus densiflora branch woods, respectively, were investigated and compared to those of opposite wood (OW) and lateral wood (LW). The carbonization was conducted at 400, 600, and 800 °C. Heating values, pH, char yields, cell wall structures, and combustion characteristics were different in TW and CW, whereas only little differences were found among reaction wood, OW, and LW. The heating values of TW charcoal were lower than those of CW charcoal at 400 and 600 °C, while the pH of TW charcoal was higher than that of CW at all carbonization temperatures. The char yields of CW were the highest among all the samples at all carbonization temperatures. Furthermore, the TW charcoal was more thermally stable than CW charcoal. SEM observations revealed significant differences in the cell wall structures of the woods before and after carbonization. The gelatinous layer in TW disappeared, and the helical cavities and intercellular spaces in CW persisted throughout the carbonization process. The cell wall structures of the wood samples became smooth and amorphous as the carbonization temperature increased.

Title

Carbonization of reaction wood from Paulownia tomentosa and Pinus densiflora branch woods

Journal

Wood Science and Technology

DOI

10.1007/s00226-016-0828-y

Print ISSN

0043-7719

Online ISSN

1432-5225

Publisher

Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Additional Links

• Register for Journal Updates
• Editorial Board
• About This Journal
• Manuscript Submission
• 
  

Topics

• Wood Science & Technology
• Ceramics, Glass, Composites, Natural Methods
• Operating Procedures, Materials Treatment

Industry Sectors

• Chemical Manufacturing
• Consumer Packaged Goods
• Electronics
• Engineering
• 
  

Authors

• Yue Qi (1)
• Jae-Hyuk Jang (1) (2)
• Wahyu Hidayat (1) (3)
• Ae-Hee Lee (1)
• Seung-Hwan Lee (1)
• Hee-Mun Chae (1)
• Nam-Hun Kim  (1)
• 
  

Author Affiliations

• 1. College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
• 2. The Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
• 3. Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Lampung University, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia

For further details log on website:

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00226-016-0828-y

Modelling the mortality of Hylotrupes bajulus (L.) larvae exposed to anoxic treatment for disinfestation of wooden art objects

Original

Wood Science and Technology

pp 1-21

First online: 10 May 2016

• G. de Streel 
• , J.-M. Henin
• , P. Bogaert
• , E. Mercier
• , E. Rabelo
• , C. Vincke
• , B. Jourez

• 
  

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of several variables on the mortality of insects exposed to an anoxic treatment in order to generate a model linking mortality to these variables. This study aims to explore the possible interest of using such a model to determine the characteristics of treatment (especially duration) needed to guarantee insect mortality with a given level of probability. Trials were performed on Hylotrupes bajulus larvae, which is a widespread species known for its high tolerance to anoxic conditions. The studied variables are the initial mass of the larvae, the treatment temperature (21, 30 and 40 °C), the treatment duration (four durations for each temperature tested) and whether the larva is held in wood or in a petri dish (directly exposed to anoxic atmosphere) during the experiment. It was found that, while the last variable is not correlated with mortality, treatment duration and temperature are significantly and positively correlated with it. Larvae with higher body mass were also shown to have a better resistance to the treatment. Based on these results, a model including insect initial mass, treatment temperature and duration, together with the interaction between these two variables, was determined. This relatively simple model appeared to be a useful tool in overcoming the difficulty in defining the modalities for anoxic treatment in order to reach a given level of mortality.

Title

Modelling the mortality of Hylotrupes bajulus (L.) larvae exposed to anoxic treatment for disinfestation of wooden art objects

Journal

Wood Science and Technology 

DOI

10.1007/s00226-016-0829-x

Print ISSN

0043-7719

Online ISSN

1432-5225

Publisher

Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Additional Links

• Register for Journal Updates
• Editorial Board
• About This Journal
• Manuscript Submission
• 
  

Topics

• Wood Science & Technology
• Ceramics, Glass, Composites, Natural Methods
• Operating Procedures, Materials Treatment

Industry Sectors

• Chemical Manufacturing
• Consumer Packaged Goods
• Electronics
• Engineering
• 
  

Authors

• G. de Streel  (1)
• J.-M. Henin (2)
• P. Bogaert (3)
• E. Mercier (4)
• E. Rabelo (4)
• C. Vincke (1)
• B. Jourez (2
• 
  

Author Affiliations

• 1. Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 BP L7.05.10, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
• 2. Laboratory of Wood Technology, Public Service of Wallonia, 23, Avenue Maréchal Juin, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
• 3. Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 BP 2, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
• 4. Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Parc du Cinquantenaire 1, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

For further details log on website :

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00226-016-0829-x

What Are the Daily Values of Calcium for a 2000 Calorie Diet?

Consuming the recommended daily amounts of calcium and understanding nutrition labels allows you to ensure your body receives what it needs to function at its best. Percent daily values of calcium are provided on nutrition labels and let you assess the nutritional value of foods, including calcium.

Bowl of yogurt Photo Credit Nungning20/iStock/Getty Images.

Function of Calcium

Nearly all of the calcium in the body, approximately 99 percent, is stored in the bones and teeth, while the remaining one percent is found in the blood and other bodily tissues. Calcium plays a critical role as a mineral in the primary structural component of bones and teeth known as hydroxyapatite crystals. Calcium is also involved in bone growth or remodeling, a dynamic process in which bone is broken down and then built back up by specialized cells. Calcium is also a cell signaling molecule that participates in muscle contraction, blood vessel constriction and dilation, nerve signaling and hormone secretion, according to the Linus Pauling Institute.

Percent Daily Values

Percent daily values are found on nutrition or supplement facts labels for food, beverages and dietary supplements. The percent daily value represents the percentage of the recommended daily intake level of a respective nutrient per single serving. For example, if a single serving of juice contains 30 percent daily value of calcium, then each serving provides 300 milligrams of calcium per serving, because the established daily value or DV for calcium is 1,000 milligrams, according to the United States Food and Drug Administration or FDA. Percent daily values are always based upon a 2,000 calorie diet and are for adults and children over the age of four; they were developed by the FDA as an easy way for consumers to compare nutrient contents of food products. Foods labeled as high in a respective nutrient must contain a percent daily value of at least 20 percent, while foods labeled as a good source must contain between 10 and 19 percent daily value. Values 5 percent or below are considered low in the respective nutrient.

Dietary Reference Intakes

The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine establishes RDAs or recommended dietary allowances for nutrients, such as calcium. RDAs represent the amount of daily calcium required to meet the nutritional requirements for 97 to 98 percent of a healthy population’s respective gender and age group. Adults age 19 and older require 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams of calcium per day while adolescents age 9 to 18 require 1,300 milligrams per day. Children ages 1 to 3 require 700 milligrams per day while those ages 4 to 8 need 1,000 milligrams per day. Good sources of calcium include dairy products such as yogurt, milk and cheese as well as sardines, salmon and cereals and juices fortified with calcium.

Inadequate Intake

Adequate calcium intake is important due to the critical role calcium plays in a variety of bodily processes. Hypocalcemia -- or low blood calcium levels -- due to a diet low in calcium is rare. Hypocalcemia is most often a result of a medical condition. However, falling short of the recommended daily calcium intake levels over the long-term can lead to osteopenia or lower than normal bone density. Calcium is particularly important during adolescent growth and development, a time during which peak bone mass is achieved, according to the Linus Pauling Institute. As individuals age, inadequate calcium leads can lead to a thinning of the bone, a condition known as osteoporosis.

www.livestrong.com

What Causes Pressure Buildup in Ears From Cold or Flu?

Overview

Your ear consists of three parts: an outer, middle and inner ear. The middle eardrum has a tube extending from it called the Eustachian tube that normally has a small amount of mucus inside. However, fluid drainage from other parts of the head, such as the nose, can lead to fluid buildup in this compartment. This occurrence can be caused by a number of viruses or even ear deformities that complicate your condition.

Having a cold can cause ear pain. Photo Credit George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty Images.

Rhinovirus

Rhinovirus is a type of virus that typically is transmitted through air particles, such as when a person with a rhinovirus sneezes. When you breathe in these air particles, you can become infected as well. The virus typically begins when the nose becomes filled with fluid, creating pressure and causing a runny or stopped-up nose. Because the Eustachian tube of the middle ear connects to the back of the throat, the fluid buildup from the rhinovirus can fill this tube as well. This signifies a condition known as otitis media with effusion. The result can be difficulty hearing or a noise in the ear that sounds like ocean waves or running water. Itching at the ears may also occur. Pain is not typical of this infection type, and the infection typically heals on its own. However, the fluid and pressure may be present for a month or longer, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Influenza Virus

When the ear becomes infected with the influenza virus, a condition known as acute otitis media results in a fluid buildup and pressure in the ear that can cause pain, fever, redness at the ear and pus drainage. This condition differs from a rhinovirus because rhinoviruses typically do not cause pain in addition to pressure, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. While viruses cause both colds and flu, the influenza virus is more serious because it infects the respiratory system and joints, in addition to the ear canal.

Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

While a cold or flu virus can cause fluid to build up, a Eustachian tube deformity can further complicate pressure and fluid buildup, extending recovery time. When performing correctly, the Eustachian tubes open and close when you sneeze, swallow or yawn, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians. However, if the Eustachian tubes do not work correctly, the tubes can become plugged easily. When viruses create excess mucus in the body, your tubes may not open and close correctly. Children are especially prone to this dysfunction type because they do not have fully formed tubes -- their tubes tend to be shorter and straightened, making the pathway more accommodating for viruses. Smoking can damage the cilia that move mucus away from the Eustachian tubes, causing dysfunction. Obesity also can cause fatty deposits to build up around the Eustachian tubes, resulting in drainage difficulties.

www.livestrong.com

How To Adjust a Jogging Stroller Track

If you enjoy jogging and you need to watch over a child, a jogging stroller can enable you to do both. However, if your stroller pulls to one side, you could face a frustrating workout. Adjusting the track on your jogging stroller will help prevent problems.

If the track is off on your jogging stroller, you may have a difficult time pushing it. Photo Credit Jacobs Stock Photography/Photodisc/Getty Images.

Step 1

Examine the front wheel, which on most jogging strollers is fixed in place, according to ConsumerSearch.com. Pull on the quick-release lever to loosen the wheel, allowing you to adjust it. If your stroller doesn't have a quick-release lever, use a standard wrench to loosen the bolt holding the wheel in place.

Step 2

Turn the wheel slightly in the opposite direction of the way your jogging stroller is tracking or pulling.

Step 3

Tighten the quick-release lever or the bolt to lock the wheel back in place.

Step 4

Push the stroller slowly to check the new alignment of the wheel and the tracking of the stroller. You may want to use a straight line to gauge the tracking. Line the wheel up along the line and try to follow it by pushing the stroller forward. If the stroller pulls to one side or another, repeat the steps for adjusting the track.

Step 5

Check and adjust the air level in the tires. Poor air pressure can sometimes lead to the track of the stroller being off.

www.livestrong.com

The Woodworker's Illustrated Encyclopedia eBook

THE WOODWORKING DESIGN COLLECTION - ONLY 69 LEFT !

By Graham McCulloch

Format: eBook 

Woodworking's Language is Unique, and this Book is Your Translator!

Auger, buck saw, corbel, wane and zud. These are only a few of the thousands of words that every woodworker (new to the hobby, or experienced) will encounter during their woodworking education. The concepts cross tree species, architectural features, furniture components, tools and more. Without the proper guide you can quickly become frustrated. This illustrated encyclopedia will quickly answer your questions with not only words but full-color photos and illustrations. More than a valuable reference tool, The Woodworker’s Illustrated Encyclopedia also offers an education in woodworking just by flipping through the pages. The Woodworker’s Illustrated Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive book for woodworkers with an unparalleled visual and verbal depth of knowledge — a solid reference book for every woodworker.

SKU	V6941
Author/Speaker/Editor	Graham McCulloch
File Type	PDF
Format	eBook
ISBN 13	9781440342349

For further information log on website :

http://www.shopwoodworking.com/the-perfect-edge-y0879?source=igodigital

The Perfect Edge eBook The Ultimate Guide to Sharpening for Woodworkers

THE WOODWORKING DESIGN COLLECTION - ONLY 69 LEFT !

By Ron Hock

Format: eBook 

If you’ve never experienced the pleasure of using a really sharp tool, you’re missing one of the real pleasures of woodworking. In The Perfect Edge, the mystery of the elusive sharp edge is solved by long-time sharpening expert and tool maker Ron Hock. You’ll soon find how easy and safe hand tools are to use. This book covers all the different sharpening methods so you can either improve your sharpening techniques using your existing set-up, or determine which one will best suit your needs and budget. Ron shows you the tricks and offers expert advice to sharpen all your woodworking tools, plus a few around-the-house tools that also deserve a perfect edge.

About the Author:

Ron Hock is the owner of Hock Tools, a twenty-five-year-old cottage industry that makes acknowledged superior blades for planes and other woodworking tools. Hock started the business when, as a struggling knifemaker, students at James Krenov’s Fine Woodworking program at The College of the Redwoods in Fort Bragg, California, came to him for plane irons for the wooden planes they were making at the school. He tooled up for plane irons, learned about plane-making and found a niche-market of discerning woodworkers who appreciate a superior tool.

SKU	Y0879
Author/Speaker/Editor	Ron Hock
File Type	PDF
Format	eBook
ISBN 13	9781440309779

For further information log on website :

http://www.shopwoodworking.com/the-perfect-edge-y0879?source=igodigital