Effect Of Rice Bran On Blood Glucose And Serum Lipid Parameters In Diabetes II Patients

Author Information

Z. Takakori, PhD Candidate
Lecturer in Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences

M. Zare, M.Sc. (Nutrition)
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

M. Iranparvare, M.D.
Assistant Professor of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences

Y. Mehrabi, M.D.
Professor of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences

Abstract

Background & Objective: One of the most common endocrine disorder is Diabetes Mellitus. According to WHO 135 million of people of world affected by diabetes mellitus it's prevalence in Iran is 2-4%. Recently Diabetic patients have been encouraged to increase their fiber intake. The main aim of this study was to determine of effect of rice bran on blood glucose levels and plasma lipids in type II diabetic patients.

Methods: This study was a Double Blind clinical Trial. 60 non-smoker Diabetic Patients which had no renal and liver disorder and high hypertension after physical exam were selected and then randomly divided to intervention and control groups. The data were analyzed t-test and using SPSS and Food processor software.

Results: The fasting serum Glucose level and 2 hour after were reduced significantly in intervention group P<0/001 and differences between two groups were significant too P<0/02 . Triglyceride were reduced and HDL levels were increased significantly (P<0/01) and (P<0/015) in the intervention group and differences between two groups were significant too(P<0/001) and (P<0/013) LDL and chlesterol had reduced too but not significant.

Conclusion: Rice bran can be used as nutritional supplements for the control of diabetes mellitus patients.

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases that according to WHO reports affects an estimated 135 million people in world.(1) According to CDC reports 35 million cases have diagnosed in America.(2)

About 46.9 cases of diabetes are diagnosed in Asian countries which this number is near to 50% of all worlds' people.(3) Recent studies showed that the prevalence in Iran is 2-4% and in different part of Iran people over 30 years( 6-11%) have non insulin-dependent diabetes, also prevalence in urban regions is higher .(4,5)

Complications of diabetes are serious and affect vessels in the brain, kidney, extremities and eyes.(6,7,8) From each 3 diabetic patients 2 cases are at risk of heart & vascular diseases.(9) Prevention programs of diabetes become natia onal control program in Iran (5)

One of prevention program of diabetes is diet modification and education .(10) Some research shows that use of 20-30 g fiber can decrease the risk of heart-vascular by 25% and other studies show that fabric diet can effect on blood glucose and serum lipid (9,11 )

There are two kinds of nutritional fibers: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber such as rice bran plays an important role in decreasing of cholesterol and controlling of blood glucose. Fibers have been shown to have significant effect on absorption of nutrients with producing SCFA (Short chain fatty acid) from the colon. These fatty acids can effect glucose metabolism and cholesterol synthesis. Cereals usually have a phitat component which can decrease ingestion of carbohydrates and have a negative relation to ingestion of carbohydrate and glycemic response.(12) Also rice bran have tocopherol, tocotrienol, gama oryzanol, polyphenol and lipase which most of them play an important role in modulating hyperglycemic consequences such as lipid peroxidation. Lipase has shown to increase changing of lipid to fatty acid and lead to fast analyses of triglyceride.(13) According to nutrients component each 100g of rice bran have 381 kcal energy ,9.85g moist ,54.93g carbohydrates, 17.61g protein, 1.4g lipid, 7.7g fiber, 21.4g nutrient fiber, about 21.59 insoluble fiber and 31.9 soluble fiber, lipase and tripcine.(14)

There are different idea about effect of rice bran on blood glucose and blood lipids Qureshi et al showed that rice bran can decrease blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride (12,13). But some studies have shown that it had not any effect on blood lipid and serum glucose (15,16), for this reason we decided to survey effect of soluble rice bran on blood glucose levels and serum lipids parameters in diabetic patients (type II).

Materials and Methods

This study was a Double Blind clinical Trial with 60 Diabetic Patients ( females and males which were nonsmokers, ranging frm 30-65 years and referred to the diabetes center of Bouali hospital of Ardabil). The protocol was approved by the research Review Board of Ardabil university and informed consent was obtained . 

Inclusion criteria were: Diabetic type II patients which receive dGlibenklamid or metformine. Subjects were excluded if they were taking medication that might affect serum lipids (thyroid or steroid hormones, beta blockers, prednisone or diuretics), uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure >200 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure >110 mm Hg), symptomatic coronary or vascular disease, thyroid disease, hepatic abnormality or renal disease (cr<.4mg/dl and abnormal SGOT). None had experienced weight change of >4.5 kg in the preceding 6 months. After physical exam and laboratory assessment patients were selected and then randomly assigned to groups intervention and control group.

First group intake 10g soluble rice bran 2 times a day (at morning and before sleeping) and the second group intake was a placebo. Rice bran were 80% from factory of bijar lahijan 

From each patient a5cc blood sample was taken to assess blood glucose and plasma lipids levels (all patients had taken 24 hour recall of food). Then weight, high and blood pressure of patients and their activity levels at each day was determined. The patients received 20g\day rice bran or placebo for 30 days. Screening serum lipid levels (Triglyceride, HDL, cholesterol, LDL) were measured twice before and after of the study and blood glucose (fasting serum Glucose level and 2 hour after eating) and activity levels according to Krauses activity scale and 24 hour recall of food were checked every 15 days. The data were analyzed by paired t-test, independent t test and Anova, using SPSS and Food processor.

Results

Of the 60 subjects who entered into the study, the data of 3 males and 27 females were used in the intervention group with an average 45±10 and 10 males and 20 females in the control group with an average 50±9.3 used for the final analysis. Average body weight in the intervention group was 74 ±7.7 and in the control group was 72.2±9.1, average hight in the intervention group was 157 ±3.9 and in the control group was 155.2±4 and average body mass index in the intervention group was 27 ±3.5 and in the control group was 26.2±4 kg/m2. Index of Age, (BMI), High and weight of patients are described in Table (1)

Figure 1

Analysis of food records showed that dietary intake did not change over the study duration, The mean energy, fat, protein and carbohydrate intakes were not significantly different among groups. Baseline macronutrient intake in each group is described in Table ( 2)

Figure 2

Mean blood glucose of Serum declined 24.8 ± 24.07 in the rice bran group and with ANOVA analyzing differences were statically significant which are shown in table (3) Differences between control group showed that there were no differences in mean serum blood glucose before, after and medium of study time. The fasting serum Glucose level and 2 hour after were reduced significantly in the intervention group P<0/001 and differences between two groups were significant too P<0/02 .

Figure 3

Triglycerides were reduced and HDL levels were increased significantly (P<0/01) and (P<0/015) in the intervention group and differences between two groups were significant too (P<0/001) and (P<0/013) LDL and cholesterol had reduced too but not significant.

The fasting serum Glucose and Triglyceride, HDL, cholesterol, LDL before and after study (in intervention group) are described in TABLE (4)

Figure 4

Discussion

The fasting serum Glucose level and 2 hour after eating were reduced significantly P<0/001. Triglyceride levels were reduced and HDL were increased significantly too (P<0/05) and (P<0/01) LDL and cholesterol had reduced too but not significant.

Results of this study indicate that the fasting serum Glucose level and 2 hour after eating were reduced significantly (P<0/001), Triglyceride levels were reduced significantly (P<0/05) and HDL were increased significantly (P<0/01) LDL and cholesterol had reduced too but not significant. Qureshi et al (2001) fed 60 days diabetic patients with stabilized rice bran and its fractions, rice bran water soluble and rice bran fiber concentrates which plus AHA step-1diet to determine possible effect on serum hemoglobin carbohydrate and lipid parameters. The results showed that the fasting serum glucose levels were reduced significantly (p<0.001) with stabilized rice bran (9%) rice bran water solubles (29%) and with rice bran fiber concentrates (19%). Also their results showed that with stabilized rice bran and its fractions, rice bran water solubles and rice bran fiber concentrates Triglyceride levels and HDL were increased, cholesterol and serum Glucose were reduced significantly. (12) Other researches of Qureshi et al(2001) showed that Novel Tocotrienols of Rice Bran can Suppress cholesterogenesis in Hereditary Hypercholesterolemic swines. Four groups were fed a corn-soybean control diet, supplemented with 50 µg of either TRF25, -tocotrienol, d-P21-T3 or d-P25-T3 per g for 6 wk. Group 5 was fed the control diet for 6 wk and served as a control. After 6 weeks, serum total cholesterol was reduced 32–38%, low density lipoprotein cholesterol was reduced 35–43%, apolipoprotein B was reduced 20–28%, platelet factor 4 was reduced 12–24%, thromboxane B2 was reduced 11–18%, glucose was reduced 22–25% (P < 0.01), triglycerides were reduced 15–19% and glucagon was reduced 11–17% (P < 0.05) in the treatment groups relative to the control. Cholesterol and fatty acid levels in various tissues were lower in the treatment groups than in control. After being fed the tocotrienol-supplemented diets, two swine in each group were transferred to the control diet for 10 weeks. The lower concentrations of serum lipids in these four treatment groups persisted for 10 wk.(13). Full-fat rice bran was compared with oat bran and a rice starch placebo in hyperlipidemic humans to see if it might have a role in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Moderately hypercholesterolemic (5.95-8.02 mmol/L), nonsmoking, nonobese adults were studied in a 6-wk, randomized, double-blind, noncross-over trial. Three groups added 84 g/d of a heat-stabilized, full-fat, medium-grain rice bran product (n = 14), oat bran product (n = 13) or rice starch placebo (n = 17) to their usual low-fat diet. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), apoA1 and apoB were measured before and at the end of the supplementation period. Serum cholesterol decreased significantly (P 0.05) by 8.3 ± 2.4% and 13.0 ± 1.8% in the rice bran and oat bran groups, respectively, but there was no change in the rice starch group.. There was no consistent effect on triglycerides within each group and HDL-C and apoA concentrations did not change. The LDL-C:HDL-C ratio decreased significantly in the rice bran and oat bran groups. Stabilized, full-fat rice bran or oat bran, added to the prudent diet of hyperlipidemic adults, similarly reduced cholesterol and LDL-C and improved lipid ratios in 78% of these individuals. Rice bran, as well as oat bran, should be included in the prudent diet of individuals with hyperlipidemia.(15)

Sanders T, Reddy S, (1992) compare Influence of Rice Bran and wheat bran on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Human volunteers. Their results showed that rice bran declined serum Triglyceride and had no effect on cholesterol(16)

Kestin et al compared in 24 mildly hypercholesterolemic men the effects of adding 11.8 g dietary fiber/d from each of three cereal brans (wheat, rice, and oat) to a low-fiber diet for 4 wk each. Plasma total- and low-density-lipoprotein- cholesterol concentrations were significantly lowered only by oat bran. Compared with wheat bran, the ratios of plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol and of apolipoprotein A-I to B were significantly increased with oat bran (both by 4.7%, P less than 0.05), and rice bran (2.3%, P less than 0.05, and 3.9%, P less than 0.05, respectively). Blood pressure, blood glucose, and serum insulin responses to a common test meal were unaltered. Oat and rice bran exert a small but potentially useful effect on plasma lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease.(17) 

Conclusion

In conclusion, rice bran, when added to the prudent diets of moderately hyperlipidemic individuals, produces significant reduction in Triglyceride levels and improvement in the HDL ratio in most of these individuals. There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the rice bran and serum cholesterol or LDL, as rice bran has some insoluble fiber sincluding cellulose and hemicelluloses which can band to Bile Acids 

It is probable be reason of no difference of cholesterol level. 

Acknowledgment

We are grateful from personal of diabetes center speasialy from Dr Khodamoradzadeh and Mrs taghizadeh nurse of diabetes center.

References

1. Rezvaneyan H, Omidiyani T and Amini M.survey effect of pantocsi philin on diabetic nephropathy protienureau and compare with captopril in type II diabetic patients .Endocrine and metabolism of Iran fall 1999;no 3 vol 11 pp:71
2. Boyle S, Salyn N. Rice bran lowers diabetic blood sugar. Web MD Health 2002.
3. Khaghani Sh and Boshehrie H .Scientific treatment of diabetes.Auther: pendesi Sh, moses S.Iran:Tehran,1999 pp: 12-75.
4. Azizie F.Status of endocrine and metabolism diseases in Iran in 1999. Endocrine and metabolism of Iran summer1999; no 2vol 10 pp: 71
5. Azizie F.5th congress of nutriation of Iran
6. Association of special diseases. Nutrition education for diabetic patients. Iran: Tehran.Endocrine and metabolism researches center.1999 pp: 1-9
7. Do not worried about your diabetes you can live look like others. Association of special diseases.1999 no 9 :pp74
8. Powers A. Broun wal E, favci A, Kasper D, et al. Harrisons rinciples of Internal Medicine. 15 t ed. The McGraw-Hill companies; (2001); (2): 2109-2127.
9. News letter.gif 2002. Diabetic. com.
10. Sadr F, Afshars M, Sarblokie Sh.Effect of fasting on blood glucose, lipid, weigh and blood pressure in diabetic patients type II. Feays. 1996 second year,no2pp:71-76
11. http://www.Qualitycounts.com
12. Qureshi A, Sami S, Khan F. Effect of stabilized rice bran, Its soluble and fiber fractions on blood glucose levels and serum lipid parameters in Humans with Diabetes Mellitus Type I and II. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2002; 13: 145-187.
13. Qureshi A, Peterson D, Masler-Rapacz J, et al. Novel Tocotrienols of Rice Bran Suppress Cholesterogensis in Heredierary Hyper cholestemy swine. Journal of Nutrition. 2001; 131(2): 223-30.
14. Movahedie A and Rosta R .table of nutriant materials.Assosiation nutrition and dustery of food researches of Iran.1998 pp :9-13
15. Ann L. Gerhardt and Noreen B. Gallo. Full-Fat Rice Bran and Oat Bran Similarly Reduce Hypercholesterolemia in Humans. The Journal of Nutrition Vol. 128 No. 5 May 1998, pp. 865-869.
16. Sanders T, Reddy S, The Influence of Rice Bran on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Human volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992; 46: 167-172
17. M Kestin, R Moss, PM Clifton and PJ Neste. Comparative effects of three cereal brans on plasma lipids, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism in mildly hypercholesterolemic menAmerican Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 52, 661-666, Copyright © 1990
18. Omidvaran N, Aminpour A, Riazie R.Application of food in health and diseases.Auther: zimen F.Tehran: shercate sahami enteshar.1994 pp: 745-750

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The “Ezike File” In Enugu

Author Information

Ezike A Humphrey
University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital

Ajuzieogu V. Obinna
University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital

Amucheazi O. Adaobi
University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital

Abstract

Before now, injection ampoules typically were supplied with files for ease of breaking the glass before drawing up the drug.1 The importance of this include less risk of sharp injury to the physician and reduced risk of injecting glass particles to patients.2,3,4 In recent times these files are no longer available. Place this on a background of the increased risk of infection with HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C virus, the need for an alternative method of breaking the ampoule was sought.Methods: We designed a file made from simple and freely available material to cut the ampoules. The file is made of the metal material used to cut various materials ranging from wood, metals to plastics. There are two types of such file: smooth and rough. The smooth (fine) was chosen. They were cut to short bits of 6 cm long and kept sterile by washing in bleach and rinsing with water and spirit respectively. The files were given to residents and were advised to use them in filing ampoules. Ease of breaking the ampoules was then reported as excellent, good, or bad. The data obtained was entered into Microsoft excel and analyzed. Results: This was prospectively used in 3455 instances of ampoule filings. 2591 (75%) of respondents reported excellent, while 864 (25%) reported good. There was no report of badConclusion: In the absence of pre-supplied injection files, the Ezike file should be encouraged to avoid sharp injuries and foreign body injection

 

Introduction

Background

In the medical and allied health professions, single doses of sterile medication came in glass ampoules and packaged with disposable abrasive files intended for opening these ampoules.1 Often, the file is small, difficult to handle, dull, and easily misplaced. When a small file is misplaced, valuable time may be lost to the detriment of those for whom the medication was intended. A dull file or one which is difficult to handle will produce an inferior score on the neck of the ampoule. If the score is not satisfactory, small glass fragments may be ejected from around the neck during opening. Additionally, inadequate scoring may result in unusually sharp edges around the open neck of the ampoule. As an improvement, etched break line in the neck of the ampoule was made at the time of manufacture. This eliminated the need for the file. But breaking the ampoule still had its problems due to variations in the etch, variations of the length of the appendage to be broken off, and the strength of the person breaking the ampoule. As a result pliers and other tools were used to help in the breaking. Some users, to avoid cutting of the hands and fingers in opening ampoules will wrap the ampoule in a cloth, paper towel, or the like. While this may prevent injury, wrapping and unwrapping the ampoule is time consuming and may lead to dropped or spilled ampoules.

In anaesthesia practice, unavailability of ampoule file detracts from user safety, exposes the patient to dangers of particulate injection and critical incidents may result. The present invention relates to an improvised method for breaking an ampoule appendage from the fluid container portion. 

Methods 

We designed a file made from simple and freely available material to cut the ampoules. The file was made of the metal material used to cut various materials ranging from wood, metals to plastics.(fig1) 

Figure 1

Figure 1

There are two types of such file: smooth and rough. The smooth (fine) was chosen. They were cut to short bits of 6 cm long and kept sterile by washing in bleach and rinsing with water and spirit respectively. The files were given to residents and were advised to use them in filing ampoules. Ease of breaking the ampoules was then reported as excellent, good, or bad. The data obtained was entered into, Microsoft excel 2007 and analyzed. 

Results 

4000 questionnaires were sent out and 3455 was retrieved for analyses. Of the retrieved ones, 2591 (75%) of respondents reported excellent, while 864 (25%) reported good.(Fig.2,3) There was no report of bad. 1450 respondents were house officers, 570 were nurses, 1100 were resident doctors and 335 were consultants. Of these figures, anaesthetists were 33. A sub-survey showed that nurses (80%) were more willing to use injection files when available than doctors (47%) just as anaesthetists will use the file more than other group of doctors. The consultants (50%) used the files less than resident doctors.(62%)

Figure 2

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 3

Discussion 

The importance of an injection ampoule file in anaesthesia practice is often overlooked until a preventable accident occurs, especially in the face of contamination by potentially deadly organisms.5 The dangers to the patient in our environment are not even discussed. However, these dangers are real and with us. The contamination of a single-dose glass ampoule by glass fragments has been well documented.2,4,5 Intravenous infusion of these particles has been associated with thrombophlebitis, thromboembolism, and formation of large mono- and multinucleated foreign body giant cells.6 To prevent these fearful consequences, and perhaps due to to the litigation tendencies of their society, syringes with filter are used in some western countries.7

In Nigeria, little attention has been paid to standardizing ampoule breakers. Healthcare workers are inundated with articles on preventing needle stick injuries without noting that the injection ampoule is a very common sharp object which we come in contact with in our daily practice. Dr Eguma et al in Zaria, Nigeria noted that only 10.6% of theatre workers used injection files to open ampoules at a time when these files were available.8 In that study, it was scaring that 2% of respondents used their teeth to open the ampoules.(fig.4)

The Ezike file which we improvised is cheap, easy to use and sterilized.(Fig1) It is a familiar object in our environment and not likely to disappear soon as it finds use in so many areas of labour.

Figure 4

Figure 4

Conclusion: In the absence of pre-supplied injection files, the Ezike file should be encouraged to avoid sharp injuries and foreign body injection.

References

1. Ampoule cutter: Assessed from http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/4637139/description.html
2. Kempen PM, Sulkowski E, Sawyer RA. Glass ampules and associated hazards. Crit Care Med. 1989;17(8):812-813
3. Turco S, Davis NM. Glass particles in intravenous injections. N Engl J Med. 1972;287:1204-1205
4. Carbone-Traber KB, Shanks CA. Glass particle contamination in single-dose ampules. Anesth Analg. 1986;65:1361-1363.
5. Falchuk KH, Peterson L, McNeil BJ. Microparticulate-induced phlebitis: its prevention by in-line filtration. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:78-82
6. BREWER JH, DUNNING JH An in vitro and in vivo study of glass particles in ampules J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc. 1947 Oct;36(10):289-93.
7. Waller DG, George CF. Ampules, infusions and filters. Br Med J. 1986;292:714-715.
8. Eguma,SA, R. Mohammed RI. Observing Precautions against Cutaneous Injuries by Theatre Workers. Nig J Surg Res 2001; 3: 147 – 153

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What to Do If I'm Pregnant and Start Shaking When I Don't Eat?

Pregnant woman holding her stomach Photo Credit luamduan/iStock/Getty Images

Pregnant mamas-to-be have a list a mile long of the things they need to do during their pregnancies. This list often includes instructions from doctors of what to do to care for themselves, which includes eating healthy, nutritious and balanced meals and snacks throughout the day. Your body needs a regular supply of nutrients and fluids to continue supporting that growing baby. When pregnant women don't eat, they can start to feel shaky, dizzy and light-headed, and might even faint because their blood sugar gets too low.

Low Blood Sugar

A common cause of shakiness when pregnant women fail to eat throughout the day is low blood sugar, says Parents.com. This occurs because pregnancy changes the way the body processes sugar and causes levels to drop too low without regular meals and snacks. Low blood sugar also can make you feel dizzy and light-headed, and make your arms and legs shake.

Eating

The best way to prevent and stop shaking that appears to be related to not eating is to eat. If you feel nauseated or don't have much appetite, try nibbling on bland foods throughout the day to avoid getting too hungry and your blood sugar dropping too low. Snack on fresh cut fruits and vegetables, whole grain crackers or maybe part of a peanut butter sandwich. When you feel yourself start to get shaky, sit down and ask someone to bring you some water and a snack. Eat, drink and rest until you feel better, and remember to keep nibbling throughout the day.

Drinking Fluids

It's also important to remember to drink plenty of fluids throughout your pregnancy. Failing to drink enough can cause you to feel shaky or dizzy because of dehydration, says Baby Center. If the weather is warm or you're working out and sweating, make sure you up your fluid intake. Otherwise, drink at least eight to 10 glasses of water each day to stay properly hydrated.

Calling Your Doctor

If your shakiness subsides once you've eaten and continue to eat regularly, there's probably nothing to worry about, but it won't hurt to mention it to your doctor at your next visit. If you continue to feel shaky, dizzy or even faint, call your obstetrician to her know what's going on. Visit your doctor if your shakiness is accompanied by bleeding, unusual headaches or any tingling or numbness in the body.

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Influence of Integrated Nutrients on Growth, Yield and Quality of Maize (Zea mays L.)

DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2011.21009

Author(s)   

Azhar Ghaffari, Asghar Ali, Muhammad Tahir, Muhammad Waseem, M. Ayub, Asif Iqbal, Atta Ullah Mohsin

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the integrated nutrients effect on growth, yield and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) during spring, 2009, at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The ex-periment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having three replications with following treat-ments: T1 (control), T2(recommended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1), T3 [single spray of multinutrient (a solution mixture of micronutrients i.e; Zn = 2%, Fe = 1%, B = 1%, Mn = 1%, Cu = 0.2% and macronutrients N = 1%, K2O = 2%, S = 2%) @ 1.25Lha-1], T4 (recommended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1 + single spray of multinutrient @ 1.25L ha-1), T5 (recom-mended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1 + two spray of multinutrient @1.25Lha-1) and T6 (recommended NPK @ 200-120-125 kg ha-1+ three spray of multinutrient @ 1.25Lha-1).The recommended dose of NPK in addition with single spray of Multi-nutrients substationally improved all growth parameters, ear characteristics and also enhanced macronutrients use efficiency up to 11.5% which induced significant increase in grain yield as compared to control and also in the treatment where recommended dose of NPK was applied alone. The quality parameter of maize (oil contents) significantly improved by foliar application of multinutrients solution but recommended dose of fertilizer in addition to single spray of Multi-nutrients was economical.

References

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[4]	D. K. Singh, A. K. Pandey, U. B. Pandey and S. R. Bhonde, “Effect of Farmyard Manure Combined with Foliar Application of NPK Mixture and Micronutrients on Growth, Yield and Quality of Onion,” National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation, Vol. 21-22, No. 1, 2002, pp. 1-7.
[5]	R.M. Welch, “Farming for Nutritious Foods: Agricultural Technologies for Improved Human Health,” IFA-FAO Agricultural Conference, Rome, Italy, 2003.
[6]	Z. Jamal, and M. F. Chaudhary, “Effects of Soil and Foliar Application of Different Concentrations of NPK and Foliar Application of (NH4)2SO4 on Growth and Yield Attributes in Wheat (triticum aestivum. L),” Pakistan Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2007, pp. 119-128.
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[14]	A. Verma, V. Nepalia and P. C. Kanthaliya, “Effect of Integrated Nutrient Supply on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Uptake by Maize (Zea mays L.) Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cropping System,” Indian Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 51, 2006, pp. 3-5.
[15]	A. Y. Negm and F. A. Zahran, “Optimization Time of Micronutrient Application to Wheat Plants Grown on Sandy Soils,” Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2001, pp. 813-823.
[16]	M.J. Malakouti, “The Effect of Micronutrients in Ensuring Efficient Use of Macronutrients,” Turkish Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2008, pp. 215-220.
[17]	M. A. A. Bakry, Y. R. A. Soliman and S. A. M. Moussa, “Importance of Micronutrients, Organic Manure and Biofertilizer for Improving Maize Yield and Its Components Grown in Desert Sandy Soil,” Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2009, pp. 16-23.
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Effect of phenophase based irrigation schedules on growth, yield and quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.)

DOI: 10.4236/as.2011.23035

Author(s)    

H. K. Shivakumar, B. K. Ramachandrappa, H. V. Nanjappa,   Mudalagiriyappa

ABSTRACT

The field experiment was conduced at the Agronomy Field Unit, Main Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Hebbal, Bangalore, India during 2002 and 2003 to study the effect of irrigation schedules on growth, yield and quality of baby corn. The soil of the experimental site was red sandy loam in texture with neutral reaction. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were seven treatments of irrigation schedules based on IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 and 1.0 during different phenophases of baby corn. The results of the experiment revealed that the baby corn dry matter was significantly higher (75.57 g.plant^–1) with higher green fodder yield of 43.47 t.ha^–1 due to irrigation scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 followed by moisture stress at early stage (I₃). Irrigations scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 registered significantly higher baby corn yield of 6.60 t.ha^–1 followed by the delayed irrigation at early stage of 10 - 25 DAS. Significantly higher crude protein, phosphorus, potassium and lower reducing sugars and ascorbic acid content of baby corn was recorded under IW/CPE ratio of 1.0. Delayed irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio through-out produced baby corn with higher taste and juiciness. The total crop water use ranged from 294.10 to 469.10 mm, respectively under continuously delayed irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio and frequent irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 which also recorded higher water use efficiency.

References

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Effect of Plant Spacing on Growth and Grain Yield of Soybean

DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.410251

Author(s)    

Bhagirath S. Chauhan, Jhoana L. Opeña

ABSTRACT

In the Philippines, rice monoculture systems are common. Compared to these systems, the rice-soybean cropping system may prove more water-efficient and there is a trend of increasing soybean area in the response to water scarcity and need for crop diversification in the Philippines. A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of row and plant to plant spacing (20 × 10, 20 × 5, 40 × 10, and 40 × 5 cm) on growth and yield of soybean. Plant height was not influenced by the plant geometry. Spacing, however, influenced leaf area and shoot biomass of soybean. Plants grown at the widest spacing (i.e., 40 × 10 cm) produced lowest leaf area and shoot biomass at 6 and 12 weeks after planting. Leaf area and shoot biomass at other three spacing were similar. There was a negative and linear relationship between weed biomass and crop shoot biomass at 6 and 12 weeks after planting. Grain yield of soybean was not affected by plant geometry and it ranged from 1.3 to 1.9 t·ha^-1 at different spacing.

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