Temperature Influence on Wear Characteristics and Blunting of the Tool in Continuous Wood Cutting Process

Published Date
2014, Vol.69:133–140, doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.02.213
24th DAAAM International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, 2013
Open Access, Creative Commons license

Author 

• Izet Horman ^a,,
 
• Ibrahim Busuladžić ^b
 
• Esed Azemović ^a

• aMašinski fakultet u Sarajevu, Vilsonovo šetalište 9, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• bSarajevogas, Muhameda ef Pandže 4, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Available online 25 March 2014.

Abstract

Temperature of the cutting tool is one of the most important factor affecting the tool wear in wood processing, because the basic properties of the material from which a tool is made, such as hardness, toughness and chemical stability, degrade with increasing tool's temperature. The effect of different wear mechanisms in the degradation of tools, cannot be estimated as accurately as possible without information on the temperature distribution in the tool and the impact of temperature on the basic material properties of cutting tools, especially in the most critical region, the edge of the tool.

Temperature distribution in the blade during the process of wood cutting was investigated by numerical means and compared with experimental and analytical results. In this study we have used the Boundary Element Method (BEM) to obtain numerical solution. It was found that the temperature of the blade depends on several factors, including the cutting speed, the continuity of the cutting process, the depth of cut and the shape of the tool.

Keywords

wood cutting

temperature 

boundary element method

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References

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   • K. Banshoya, T. Fukui
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2. • [2]
   • H. Inoue
   • Effects of Cutting Speed and Rake Angle on Knife-Edge Temperature during 90-0 Cutting of Wood
   • Mokuzai Gakkaishi, Volume 31, 1985, pp. 454–459
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   • E. Csanady, E. Magoss, Mechanics of Wood Machining, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.
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   • G. Sitkei, E. Csanady
   • Thermal loading in wood cutting tools, Proceedings of the 1st conference on the development on wood science
   • Buckinghamshire, 1994, pp. 359–368
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5. • [5]
   • G. Sitkei et al., Theorie des Spanens von Holz. Fortschrittbericht No.1, Acta Fac. Ligniensis Sopron, 1990.
6. • [6]
   • J.Y. Sheikh-Ahmad, C.M. Lewandowski, J.S. Stewart
   • Experimental and numerical method for determining temperature distribution in a wood cutting tool
   • Experimental Heat Transfer, Volume 16, 2003, pp. 255–271
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   • C.A. Brebbia and J. Dominguez, Boundary elements an introductory course, WIT Pess/Computational Mechanics Publications, 1992.
8. • [8]
   • F. París and J. Canas, Boundary element method fundamentals and applications, Oxford University Press, 1997.

• ☆
  Selection and peer-review under responsibility of DAAAM International Vienna.

• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +38733729826; fax: +38733653055.

For further details log on website :
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Fiber dimensions, lignin and cellulose content of various plant materials and their suitability for paper production

Published Date
May 2004, Vol.19(3):245–254, doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2003.10.006

Author 

• C. Ververis ^a,,
• K. Georghiou ^a
• N. Christodoulakis ^a
• P. Santas ^b
• R. Santas ^b

• aDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, GR 157 84 Athens, Greece
• bOikoTechnics Institute, 35 Androutsou, R. Fereou Street, GR 166 73 Voula, Greece

Received 11 December 2002. Accepted 20 October 2003. Available online 9 December 2003. 

Abstract

Fiber dimensions and lignin and cellulose content of various highly productive, non-wood plants and agricultural residues were examined to assess their suitability for paper production. Plants like kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and giant reed (Arundo donax L.) internodes gave very good derived values, especially slenderness ratio, which is directly comparable to some softwood and most hardwood species. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) stalks, miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) have shorter fibers resulting to poorer flexibility and Runkel ratios, but still satisfactory slenderness ratios. Finally, fibers from olive tree (Olea europea L.) and almond tree (Prunus dulcis L.) prunings presented relatively short and thick fibers producing the poorest derived values among all the species examined. Fiber dimensions did not differ significantly within each species, when samples from different stalks/branches or different positions (base, middle top) were examined. The only exception were cotton stalks, where those differences did not have any significant effect on fiber derived values.

Chemical analysis of the raw plant materials revealed satisfactory levels of α-cellulose content (close to 40%) and Klason lignin content (<30%) compared to those of hardwoods and softwoods. Relatively increased (>25%) lignin content in miscanthus, switchgrass and almond prunings may require additional pulping time and chemical charge compared to those of other non-wood raw materials. Analysis of samples at various heights/lengths of the plant materials showed that lignin and cellulose content depends on tissue maturity, but does not change significantly within each species.

Keywords

Fiber dimensions

Lignin and cellulose content

Non-wood plants

Agricultural residues

Mechanical strength

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• *
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +30-210-7274467; fax: +30-210-7274656.

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Testing the importance of native plants in facilitation the restoration of coastal plant communities dominated by exotics

Published Date
15 June 2014, Vol.322:19–26, doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.020

Author 

• Xianzhao Liu ^a,b,
• Yuanchang Lu ^a,,
• Yang Xue ^c,
• Xiongqing Zhang ^d,

• aResearch Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, PR China
• bKey Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10091, PR China
• cLaboratory of Ecological Research, Forestry Science Institute, Hainan 571100, PR China
• dResearch Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, PR China

Received 13 September 2013. Revised 8 March 2014. Accepted 11 March 2014. Available online 6 April 2014. 

Highlights

• Tree species interactions in tropical coastal forests remains unclear, South China.
• •
  We view these as driving force for tropical coastal forest restoration.
• •
  Monoculture stands could be enhanced by positive interactions of native species.
• •
  These results used to determine suitable management strategies for coastal forest restoration.

Abstract

Casuarina equisetifolia was introduced to China in 1897 from Australia to reduce coastal erosion. It grows vigorously and has spread over much of the southern and southeastern coast, from Zhejiang to Guangxi, over a range of more than 10° of latitude. To date, little is known about its interactions with native species in the coastal zone.

We used a field experiment to study how the understorey species diversity and soil conditions in monoculture stands of C. equisetifolia were influenced by different native plant species. We also examined the effects of interplanting native species on plant numbers, leaf area index (LAI), and aboveground biomass accumulation. We planted three native species (Hibiscus tiliaceus, Melia azedarach and Calophyllum inophyllum) at two initial densities in stands of C. equisetifolia.

Over a period of ten years, the density and aboveground biomass were relatively low in plots planted with three native species compared to plots that were not planted. In contrast, understory diversity and soil conditions were relatively high where native species were added. Moreover, the number of dead tree, aboveground biomass increment, and diameter growth had significant difference among different native tree species because of their different natural characteristics.

The fast-growing pioneer species, M. azedarach, had a positive effect on LAI, regeneration, shrub diversity and grass coverage than the other two native species, and M. azedarach was most effective in plots that were initially planted with higher densities. The pioneer plant H. tiliaceus had more individuals and greater aboveground biomass than others native species. The later-succession species C. inophyllum had the smallest effect on the development of understory vegetation and soil conditions over 10-yrs among three native plants. For different native planted species, M. azedarach showed good effects on the average annual aboveground biomass and DBH increment, and C. inophyllum had the least dead number in coastal environments.

In summary, C. equisetifolia and native species have facilitation relationships that differ according to the species, and coastal conservation managers should shift from their traditional focus on C. equisetifolia afforestation to the recognition of multi-species configuration.

Keywords

• Interaction
• Leaf area index
• Aboveground biomass
• Biodiversity
• Understory dynamic
• Soil conditions

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Supplementary data 1

• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62888448; fax: +86 10 62888315.
  
  

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