![[photo:] Large nun moth larva on conifer branch](https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/nun_moth/local-resources/images/large_larva_250.jpg)
The parasitoids of Lymantria monacha in Europe have been catalogued and studied in detail by several people. The tachinid Parasetigena silvestris and the braconid Cotesia melanoscelus are considered to be the most important in Europe. Parasetigena agilis and Blepharipa schineri were shown to be the most effective parasites in the Russian Far East.
At present only Bacillus thuringiensis products are available for operational use against Lymantria monacha in Eurasia. There is some variation in the control results obtained for different formulations but it has been used widely with good success in Germany, Russia, Belarus and Czech Republic.
For more than a century it has been known that natural epizootics of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus are the main factor that causes the collapse of L. monachaoutbreaks. Several attempts to produce it have been made but no large-scale production for operational use has yet resulted.
Synthetic pyrethroids and growth inhibitors are still in use against the L. monacha today. The growth inhibitors are slow to act so can only be used when the populations are low enough or caught early enough so that the growing tips of the conifers are not completely destroyed. Synthetic pyrethroids have negative effects on non-target organisms so can’t be used in environmentally sensitive areas, but they are fast-acting and cheap, so they are still used.
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Last Modified: 10/21/2010
For further details log on website :
https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/nun_moth/control_management/
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