Extrusion of Rice, Bean and Corn Starches: Extrudate Structure and Molecular Changes in Amylose and Amylopectin

Published Date

First published: 28 October 2016

DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13545

Author

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of starch source and amylose content on the expansion ratio, density, and texture of expanded extrudates, as well as to investigate the structural and molecular changes that occur in starch granules as a function of extrusion. The starches employed were rice starches (8%, 20%, and 32% amylose), carioca bean starch (35% amylose), and Hylon V® corn starch (55% amylose). The extrudates from rice starches containing 20% and 32% amylose exhibited the highest expansion ratio, while, extrudates from Hylon V®corn starch containing 55% amylose exhibited the lowest expansion ratio. The hardness values of the extrudates with 55% amylose were twice those of the extrudates with 20%, 32%, and 35% amylose. An additional finding was that although the amylopectin promoted the expansion of the gelatinized starch matrix, it failed to strengthen and sustain the walls of the extrudate bubbles during expansion.

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Physical and nutritional impact of fortification of corn starch-based extruded snacks with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) flour: Effects of bean addition and extrusion cooking

Published Date
Food Chemistry
15 April 2009, Vol.113(4):989–996, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.050

• Author 

• Alex A. Anton ^,
• R. Gary Fulcher
• Susan D. Arntfield

• Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2

Received 8 April 2008. Revised 24 July 2008. Accepted 19 August 2008. Available online 28 August 2008. 

Abstract

Navy and red bean flours (BF) were added to corn starch at levels of 15%, 30%, and 45% and submitted to extrusion cooking to produce fortified puffed snacks. Process variables (screw speed, moisture, and temperature of the final zones) of a twin screw extruder were kept constant (150 rmp, 22% and 160 °C). Corn starch-bean extrudates were denser, less expanded, and harder. However starch fortified with 30% BF produced extrudates with percentage of deformation – an instrumental measurement of crispness- comparable to corn starch alone. At this level, crude protein was increased 12-fold, while total phenols, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) in vitro antioxidant activities (AA) were also increased. Red bean fortification yielded extrudates with higher levels of phenols and both DPPH and ORAC AA compared to navy beans. In navy and red bean extrudates, total phenols, DPPH, and ORAC AA were reduced by 10%, 17%, and 10%, and by 70%, 62%, and 17% after extrusion, respectively. Phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors levels were reduced in nearly 50% and 100% in all bean extrudates compared to raw mixtures, indicating that these materials were safe for human consumption.

Keywords

Beans

Corn starch

Extrusion

Texture

Antioxidants

Phytic acid

Trypsin inhibitors

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Table 3.

 Table 4

Table 4.

• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 204 474 9866; fax: +1 204 474 7630.

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Comparison of evaluation standards for green building in China, Britain, United States

Author

Yurong Zhang, Jingjing Wang, Fangfang Hu and Yuanfeng Wang

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 68, issue P1, pages 262-271

Abstract: Buildings consume large amounts of energy and resources and have a significant impact on environment. In 2010 buildings accounted for 32% of total global final energy use and 19% of energy-related GHG emissions. This energy use and related emissions may double or potentially even triple by mid-century. China is the world's largest energy consumer and CO2 emitter. With the process of urbanization, China has been entering into a period of great prosperity for construction, about 1.6–2.0 billionm2 buildings are constructed each year, which accounts for about 40% of the world's total new buildings. It is predicted that China’s building energy use and related emissions will continue to increase over the next 15 years. Therefore, promoting green building development has become an urgent issue in China. However, green building is a highly complicated system engineering, its promotion needs evaluation standards as technical support. Many countries had issued a series of green building evaluation standards since 1990. Currently, there are some representative green building assessment schemes. Code for Sustainable Homes (CSH) has been fully implemented as the national authoritative standard of the UK since 2010. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) developed by the USA, was revised and updated regularly with the latest version issued in 2013. China enacted its national evaluation standard for green building in 2006, and revised the standard in 2014. Based on introducing the latest evaluation standards for green buildings in China, Britain and United States, the paper compared these standards from 5 aspects including energy-saving, water-saving, material-saving, site selection and the outdoor and indoor environmental quality. The comparison mainly focuses on evaluation methods and evaluation indicators in the three standard systems. Besides, the characteristics of each standard system were summarized and some suggestions for improving China’s evaluation standard for green building were proposed.

Keywords: Green buildings; Sustainable development; Evaluation standards; Comparison (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Hydrothermal liquefaction of various biomass and waste feedstocks for biocrude production: A state of the art review

Author

Athanasios Dimitriadis and Stella Bezergianni

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 68, issue P1, pages 113-125

Abstract: The continuing use of fossil fuels accelerated the energy crisis, environmental pollution, and global warming in recent years. These problems are the driving force of the worldwide search for new alternative energy, among which biomass is considered to be one of the most promising candidates due to its renewable, carbon neutral and high productivity characteristics. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an alternative technology of exploiting different types of biomass for fuels production, involving the direct biomass conversion to liquid, in the presence of a solvent and in some times catalyst. HTL has undergone a sudden increase in the number of publications in recent years. The wide variation in different types of feedstock tested, their initial state, the reaction conditions and/or the catalysts applied renders a wide but rather fragmentary spectrum of knowledge generated. This review is a summary of state-of-the-art knowledge of HTL for various feedstocks such as woody biomass, wastes, plastics and microalgae.

Keywords: Biomass; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Biocrude; Algae; Wood; Sludge(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Interpreting long-term energy scenarios and the role of bioenergy in Germany

Author

Nora Szarka, Marcus Eichhorn, Ronny Kittler, Alberto Bezama and Daniela Thrän

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 68, issue P2, pages 1222-1233

Abstract: Defining the long-term development of Germany׳s energy sector, has been the subject of a series of studies carried out by governmental, industrial and independent interest groups. These studies play a significant role in energy political debate for understanding the long-term role of bioenergy in the national energy system. However, a deep insight and critical assessment of these studies is necessary to increase their transparency and traceability for policy and research. This article aims to provide with information for better understanding energy scenarios and to interpret the expectations of the role that bioenergy can play in 2050.

Keywords: Bioenergy; Energy scenarios; Policy making; Decision support (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Pretreatment techniques used in biogas production from grass

Published Date

Cristina Rodriguez, A. Alaswad, K.Y. Benyounis and A.G. Olabi

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 68, issue P2, pages 1193-1204

Abstract: Grass is being considered as a potential feedstock for biogas production, due to its low water consumption compared to other crops, and the fact that it can be cultivated in non-arable lands, avoiding the direct competition with food crops. However, biogas production is limited by the characteristics of the feedstock; in particular its complex lignocellulosic structure. Hence, different pretreatment methods are being investigated for grass structure disruption before undergoing the anaerobic digestion process. The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge on pretreatment techniques used for grassland biomass. Pretreatment techniques were categorized into mechanical, microwave, thermal, chemical and biological groups. The effect of the application of each studied methods on the biogas yield and on the energy balance is discussed. A further comparison between the covered techniques was revealed.

Keywords: Biogas; Grass; Pretreatment; Anaerobic digestion; Renewable energy(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Carbon sequestration potential via energy harvesting from agricultural biomass residues in Mekong River basin, Southeast Asia

Author

Chun-Han Ko, Sumate Chaiprapat, Lee-Hyung Kim, Pejman Hadi, Shu-Chien Hsu and Shao-Yuan Leu

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 68, issue P2, pages 1051-1062

Abstract: Climate change is receiving an ever-increasing attention due to the accelerated global warming. Undoubtedly, CO2 from anthropogenic sources is the major contributor to this undesirable effect and thus, there has been a growing attempt to curb it. Utilization of biofuels to replace fossil fuels has been considered a viable method to mitigate CO2 emissions. However, there has been some concern about the indirect greenhouse gas emissions from the production and consumption of biofuels, such as land-use change, carbon leakage, and biomass transportation. It was suggested that these indirect factors can increase the CO2 emission and may offset the benefits of CO2 sequestration from biofuel utilization. In this study, all these challenges in biofuel production have been comprehensively reviewed and the importance of using the agricultural residues for biofuel production in countries with high reliance on agricultural development has been emphasized upon. A case study for the utilization of the agricultural residues in the Great Mekong Subregion (GMS) for biofuel production has been presented and the carbon balance for different bioenergy production scenarios in five Southeast Asian countries has been calculated. The results of the regression models show that Thailand and Lao PDR have the highest and lowest amounts of biomass residues per unit mass crop, respectively, suggesting the substantial differences in the harvesting technologies and/or economics of those countries. The overall annual CO2 sequestration potentials of the biomass for replacing gasoline through bioethanol production, and for substituting coal for power generation via anaerobic digestion and gasification have been determined to be approximately 104/Tg and 488Tg, respectively. It has been suggested that using the crop residues as feedstock for the second generation biofuel production without affecting the food market could indeed provide considerable carbon credits for sustainable agricultural development as the major industry in the developing countries.

Keywords: Carbon sequestration; Bioenergy; Biomass; Agricultural residues; Mekong basin (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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