A review of factors influencing the durability of structural bonded timber joints

Published Date
March 2009, Vol.29(2):173–185, doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2008.03.002

Author 

João Custódio ^a,,

James Broughton ^b,

Helena Cruz ^a,

aTimber Structures Division, Structures Department, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Av. Brasil 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal

bJoining Technology Research Centre, School of Technology, Oxford Brookes University, Wheatley Campus, Oxford OX33 1HX, UK

Accepted 15 March 2008. Available online 28 March 2008. 

Abstract

Adhesive bonding technology has played an essential role in the development and growth of the rehabilitation and repair of timber structures. The ability of a structural joint to maintain satisfactory long-term performance, often in severe environments, is an important requirement of a structural adhesive joint, as the joint should be able to support design loads, under service conditions, for the planned life time of the structure. A number of factors determining the durability of structural adhesive joints have been identified and can be grouped in three categories: environment, materials and stresses. The environment is dominated by temperature and moisture. The materials category includes the adherend, the adhesive, and the inter-phase between them both. The last category refers to the stresses to which the bond is subjected during or after exposure to service environment, affecting both longevity and residual strength. Since this subject in relation to timber bonding is very disperse within the literature, this paper will focus briefly on each of the aforementioned factors, thus providing a general understanding on the factors that influence the durability of bonded timber joints.

Keywords

Durability

Wood

Structural bonded joints

Abbreviations

UF, urea–formaldehyde

PU, polyurethane

EP, epoxy

MC, moisture content

PF, phenol–formaldehyde

PFR, phenol–resorcinol–formaldehyde

FRP, fibre reinforced polymer

∅, diameter

RH, relative humidity

GFRP, glass fibre reinforced polymer

RF, resorcinol–formaldehyde

ACC, acid copper chromate

ACA, ammoniacal copper arsenate

ACZA, ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate

CCA, chromated copper arsenate

CCB, chromated copper borate

ACQ, ammoniacal copper quat

CDDC, copper bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)

CC, ammoniacal copper citrate

CBA, copper azole

MF, melamine–formaldehyde

MUF, melamine–urea–formaldehyde

EPI, emulsion–isocyanate

HMR, hydroxymethylated resorcinol

pMDI, polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate

PVAc, polyvinyl acetate

QC, quality control

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