Blog List

Thursday, 27 October 2016

Comparing close-to-naturesilviculture with processes in pristine forests: lessons from Central Europe

Published Date
Opinion Paper
First Online: 
12 September 2016
DOI: 10.1007/s13595-016-0579-9


Cite this article as: 
Schütz, JP., Saniga, M., Diaci, J. et al. Annals of Forest Science (2016). doi:10.1007/s13595-016-0579-9


Author 


  • Jean-Philippe Schütz

  • Email author
  • Milan Saniga
  • Jurij Diaci
  • Tomas Vrška

    • Keywords

    Close-to-nature silviculturePristine forestsPlenterringGapsIrregularityMultifunctionaityBiorationalisation


    References
    1. Ammer U, Detsch R, Schulz U (1995) Konzepte der Landnutzung. Forstwiss Cbl 114:107–125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    2. Anderson-Teixeira K, Davies SJ, Bennett AC (2015) CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change. Glob Change Biol 21:528–549CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    3. Aplet GH (1994) Beyond even- vs- uneven-aged management: toward a cohort-based silviculture. J Sustainable For 2:423–433Google Scholar
    4. Association Futaie Irrégulière (2011) Management of irregular forests; developing the full potential of the forests. Association Futaie Irrégulière, ParisGoogle Scholar
    5. Bauhus J, Puettmann K, Messier C (2009) Silviculture for old-growth attributes. For Ecol Manag 258:525–537
    6. Bauhus J, Puettmann KJ, Kühne C (2013) Close-to-nature management in Europe. Compatible with managing forests as complex adaptive forest ecosystems? In: Messier C, Puettmann KJ, Coates KD (eds) Managing forests as complex adaptive systems: building resilience to the challenge of global change. Routledge, The Earthscan forest library, pp. 337–354Google Scholar
    7. Biolley H (1901) Le jardinage cultural. J For Suisse 52:113–132Google Scholar
    8. Brang P, Spathelf P, Larsen JB, Bauhus J, Bončina A, Chauvin C, Drössler L, Garcia-Güemes C, Heiri C, Kerr G, Lexer MJ, Mason B, Mohren F, Mühlethaler U, Nocentini S, Svoboda M (2014) Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change. Forestry 87:492–503CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    9. Buongiorno J, Dahir S, Lu HS, Lin CR (1994) Tree size diversity and economic returns in uneven-aged forest stands. For Sci 40:83–103Google Scholar
    10. Christensen M, Emborg J, Nielsen AB (2007) The forest cycle of Suserup Skov: revisited and revised. Ecol Bull 52:33–42Google Scholar
    11. Coates KD, Burton PJ (1997) A gap-based approach for development of silvicultural systems to address ecosystenm management objectives. For Ecol Manag 99:337–354CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    12. Diaci J (2006) Nature-based forestry in Central Europe; alternatives to industrial forestry and strict preservation. Studia Forestalia Slovenica Nr. 126, Ljubljana
    13. Diaci J, Rozenbergar D, Anic I, Mikac S, Saniga M, Kucbel S, Visnjic C, Ballian D (2011) Structural dynamics and synchronous silver fir decline in mixed old-growth mountain forests in eastern and southeastern Europe. Forestry 84:479–491CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    14. Dittmar O (1990) Untersuchungen im Buchen-Plenterwald Keula, ein Vergleich zwischen dem Buchen-Plenterwald Keula und dem gleichaltrigen Buchenhochwald anhand langfristiger Versuchsflächen. Forst und Holz 45:419–423
    15. Drössler L, von Lüpke B (2005) Canopy gaps in two virgin beech forest reserves in Slovakia. J For Sci 51:446–457Google Scholar
    16. Duc P (1991) Untersuchungen zur Dynamik des Nachwuchses im Plenterwald. Schweiz Z Forstwes 142:299–319Google Scholar
    17. Engler A (1900) Wirtschaftsprinzipien für die natürliche Verjüngung der Waldungen mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der verschiedenen Standortsverhältnisse der Schweiz. Schweiz Z Forstwes 51:300–310Google Scholar
    18. Engler A (1905) Aus der Theorie und Praxis des Femelschlagbetriebes. Schweiz Z Forstwes 56:29–35, 61–68, 99–103, 123–131
    19. Flury P (1933) Über die Wachstumsverhältnisse des Plenterwaldes. Mitt Schweiz Anst Forstl Versuchswes 18:44–152Google Scholar
    20. Foster JR, Reiners WA (1986) Size distribution and expansion of canopy gaps in a northern Appalachian spruce fir forest. Vegetatio 68:109–114Google Scholar
    21. Freist H (1962) Untersuchungen über den Lichtungszuwachs der Rotbuche und seine Ausnutzung im Forstbetrieb. Beih Forstwiss Cbl 17:1–78Google Scholar
    22. Fröhlich FS (2011) Economic and ecologic advantages of small-scale structurated beech close-to-nature management, in the case of group selection system. Zbornik gozdarstva in lesarstva 94:55–66Google Scholar
    23. Gayer K (1885) Über den Femelschalgbetrieb und seine Ausgestaltung in Bayern. Parey, BerlinGoogle Scholar
    24. Haywood A (2002) Growth of advanced European beech trees in the transformation phase in the southern Black Forest. Dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
    25. Helliwell R, Wilson E (2012) Continuous cover forestry in Britain; challenges and opportunities. Quarterly J For 106:214–223
    26. Huntley B, Bartlein PJ, Prentice IC (1989) Climatic control of the distribution and abundance of beech (Fagus L.) in Europe and North America. J Biogeogr 16:551–560CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    27. Kenderes K, Král K, Vrška T, Standovár T (2009) Natural gap dynamics in a central European mixed beech-spruce-fir old-growth forest. Ecoscience 16:39–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    28. Keren S, Motta R, Govedar Z, Lucic R, Medarevic M, Diaci J (2014) Comparative structural dynamics of the Janj mixed old-growth mountain forest in Bosnia and Herzegovina: are conifers in a long-term decline? Forests 5:1243–1266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    29. Korpeĺ Š (1995) Die Urwälder der Westkarpaten. Fischer, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
    30. Král K, Vrška T, Hort L, Adam D, Šamonil P (2010) Developmental phases in a temperate natural spruce-fir-beech forest: determination by a supervised classification method. Eur J For Res 129:339–351CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    31. Král K, McMahon SM, Janík D, Adam D, Vrška T (2014) Patch mosaic of developmental stages in central European natural forests along vegetation gradient. For Ecol Manag 330:17–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    32. Kucbel S, Jaloviar P, Saniga M, Vencurik J, Klimaš V (2010) Canopy gaps in an old-growth fir-beech forest remnant of western Carpathian. Eur J For Res 129:249–259CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    33. Kurth A (1946) Untersuchungen über Aufbau und Qualität von Buchendickungen. Mitt Schweiz Anst Forstl Versuchswes 24:581–658Google Scholar
    34. Leibundgut H (1943) Über Waldbau auf naturgesetzliche Grundlage. In: Beiheft zu den Zeitschriften des Schweizerischen Forstvereins Nr 21, Zürich, p 141–155
    35. Leibundgut H (1945) Über die waldbauliche Behandlung der Eiche. Schweiz Z Forstwes 96:49–58Google Scholar
    36. Leibundgut H (1946) Femelschlag und Plenterung; Beitrag zur Festlegung waldbaulicher Begriffe. Schweiz Z Forstwes 97:306–317Google Scholar
    37. Leibundgut H (1959) Über Zweck und Methodik der Struktur und Zuwachsanalyse von Urwäldern. Schweiz Z Forstwes 110:111–124Google Scholar
    38. Leibundgut H (1979) Ueber Grundlagen und Geltungsbereich der Plenterprinzipe. Schweiz Z Forstwes 130:775–783Google Scholar
    39. Leibundgut H (1982) Europäische Urwälder der Bergstufe. Haupt, BernGoogle Scholar
    40. Mlinšek D (1967) Rast in sposobnost reagiranja pragozdne bukve. Zbornik Biotehniške fakultete 15:63–79Google Scholar
    41. Motta R, Berretti R, Castagneri D, Dukić V, Garbarino M, Govedar Z, Lingua E, Maunaga Z, Meloni F (2011) Toward a definition of the range of variability of central European mixed Fagus-Abies-Picea forests: the nearly steady-state forest of Lom (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Can J For Res 41:1871–1884CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    42. Nagel TA, Diaci J (2006) Intermediate wind disturbance in an old-growth beech-fir forest in southeastern Slovenia. Can J For Res 36:629–638CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    43. Nagel TA, Svoboda M (2008) Gap disturbance regime in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest in the Dinaric Mountains, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Can J For Res 38:2728–2737CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    44. Nagel TA, Levanic T, Diaci J (2007) A dendroecological reconstruction of disturbance in an old-growth Fagus-Abies forest in Slovenia. Ann For Sci 64:891–897CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    45. Nagel TA, Diaci J, Rozenbergar D, Rugani T, Firm D (2012) Old-growth forest reserves in Slovenia: the past, present, and future. Schweiz Z Forstwes 163:240–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    46. Nagel TA, Svoboda M, Kobal M (2014) Disturbance, life history traits, and dynamics in an old-growth forest landscape of southeastern Europe. Ecol Appl 24:663–679CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
    47. Otto H (1992) Langfristige oekologische Waldentwicklung: Oekologische Grundlagen des Regierungsprogramms. AFZ. Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift fuer Waldwirtschaft und Umweltvorsorge
    48. Ozenda P (1994) Végétation du continent Européen. Delachaux et Niestlé, LausanneGoogle Scholar
    49. Parviainen J, Bucking W, Vandekerkhove K, Schuck A, Paivinen R (2000) Strict forest reserves in Europe: efforts to enhance biodiversity and research on forests left for free development in Europe (EU-COST-action E4). Forestry 73:107–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    50. Peter-Comtesse J (1972) Quelques problèmes rencontrés en 36 ans de gestion d’un arrondissement forestier neuchâtelois. Schweiz Z Forstwes 123:349–363Google Scholar
    51. Pickett STA, White PS (1985) The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic press Inc, San DiegoGoogle Scholar
    52. Piovesan G, Di Filippo A, Alessandrini A, Biondi F, Schirone B (2005) Structure, dynamics and dendroecology of an old-growth Fagus forest in the Apennines. J Veg Sci 16:13–28Google Scholar
    53. ProSilva (2012) ProSilva forestry principles. Available online at https://prosilvaeurope.wordpress.com/prosilva-forestry-principles-2012-2/. Last accessed 11 Mar 2015
    54. Röhrig E, Bartsch N, von Lüpke B (2006) Waldbau auf ökologischer Grundlage. Ulmer, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
    55. Saniga M, Schütz JP (2001) Dynamic of changes in dead wood share in selected beech virgin forests in Slovakia within their development cycle. J For Sci 47:557–565Google Scholar
    56. Saniga M, Klimaš V, Pittner J, Kubcel S (2015) Structure, texture, regeneration processes and disturbance regime in NNR Kašivárová. Technical univerzity Zvolen, ZvolenGoogle Scholar
    57. Scherzinger W (1996) Naturschutz im Walde; Qualitätsziele einer Dynamischen Waldentwicklung. Ulmer, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
    58. Schütz JP (1969) Etude des phénomenes de la croissance en hauteur et en diametre du sapin (Abies alba Mill.) et de l'épicéa (Picea abies Karst.) dans deux peuplements jardinés et une forêt vierge. Beih Schweiz Forstverein Nr. 44, Zürich
    59. Schütz JP (1992) Die waldbaulichen Formen und die Grenzen der Plenterung mit Laubbaumarten. Schweiz Z Forstwes 143:442–460Google Scholar
    60. Schütz JP (1998a) Licht bis auf dem Waldboden: Waldbauliche Möglichkeiten zur Optimierung des Lichteinfalls im Walde. Schweiz Z Forstwes 149:843–864Google Scholar
    61. Schütz JP (1998b) Behandlungskonzepte der Buche aus heutiger Sicht. Schweiz Z Forstwes 149:1005–1030Google Scholar
    62. Schütz JP (1999a) Naturnahe Waldbau: Gestern, heute, Morgen. Schweiz Z Forstwes 150:478–483CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    63. Schütz JP (1999b) Close-to-nature silviculture; is this concept compatible with species diversity? Forestry 72:359–366CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    64. Schütz JP (2001) Der Plenterwald und weitere Formen strukturierter und gemischter Wälder. Parey, BerlinGoogle Scholar
    65. Schütz JP (2002) Silvicultural tools to develop irregular and diverse forest structures. Forestry 75:327–337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    66. Schütz JP (2004) Opportunistic methods of controlling vegetation, inspired by natural plant succession dynamic with special reference to natural outmixing tendencies in a gap regeneration. Ann For Sci 61:149–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    67. Schütz JP (2005) Intensität der Waldpflege und Baumartendiversität; oder, Naturautomation contra Entmischungen. Schweiz Z Forstwes 156:200–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    68. Schütz JP (2006) Modelling the demographic sustainability of pure beech plenter forests in eastern Germany. Ann For Sci 63:93–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    69. Schütz JP (2009) Die Prinzipien des naturnahen Waldbaus sind auch bei Klimawandel gültig (Essay). Schweiz Z Forstwes 160:68–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    70. Schütz JP, Badoux E (1979) Production de jeunes peuplements de chênes en relation avec la station. Mitt Eidg Anst Forstl Versuchswes 55:1–176Google Scholar
    71. Schütz JP, Saniga M (2011) Modelling the risks of natural stand disclosure release with ageing in pure beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) stands. Ann For Sci 68:1105–1114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    72. Schütz JP, Zingg A (2007) Zuwachsprognose nach der sozialen Hierarchie im Entwicklungs- und Wuchsmodell SiWaWa. In: Nagel J (ed) Jahrestagung Deutscher Verband forstlichen Forschungsanstalten. Sektion Ertragskunde, Göttingen, pp. 180–187Google Scholar
    73. Schütz JP, Zingg A (2010) Improving estimations of maximal stand density by combining Reineke’s size-density rule and the yield level, using the example of spruce (Picea abies (L.) karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Ann For Sci 67:507–518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    74. Šebková B, Šamonil P, Janík D, Adam D, Král K, Vrška T, Hort L, Unar P (2011) Spatial and volume patterns of an unmanaged submontane mixed forest in Central Europe: 160 years of spontaneous dynamics. For Ecol Manag 262:873–885CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    75. Šebková B, Šamonil P, Valtera M, Adam D, Janik D (2012) Interaction between tree species populations and windthrow dynamics in natural beech-dominated forest, Czech republic. For Ecol Manag 280:9–19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    76. Spellmann H (1999) Überführung als betriebliche Aufgabe. Forst und Holz 54:110–116Google Scholar
    77. Splechtna BE, Gratzer G, Black BA (2005) Disturbance history of a European old-growth mixed-species forest: a spatial dendro-ecological analysis. J Veg Sci 16:511–522Google Scholar
    78. Tomaštik J, Saniga M (2011) Structure and size of gaps in the NNR Bujanovská dubina. Acta Facultatis Forestalis Zvolen 53:19–27Google Scholar
    79. von Lüpke B (1987) Einflüsse von Altholzüberschirmung und Bodenvegetation auf das Wachstum junger Buchen und Traubeneichen. Forstarchiv 58:18–24Google Scholar
    80. Vrška T, Adam D, Hort L, Kolář T, Janík D (2009) European beech (Fagus silvatica L.) and silver fir (Abies alba mill.) rotation in the Carpathians; a developmental cycle or a linear trend induces by man? For Ecol Manag 258:347–356CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    81. Webster CR, Lorimer CG (2005) Minimum opening sizes for canopy recruitement of midtolerant tree species; a retrospective approach. Ecol Appl 15:1245–1262CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    82. Wermelinger B, Flückiger PF, Obrist MK, Duelli P (2007) Horizontal and vertical distribution of saproxylic beetles (Col., Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Scolytinae) across sections of forest edges. J Appl Entomol 131:104–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
    83. Zeibig A, Diaci J, Wagner S (2005) Gap disturbance patterns of a Fagus silvatica virgin forest remnant in the mountain vegetation belt of Slovenia. For Snow Landsc Res 79:69–80Google Scholar
    84. Zuckriegl K (1991) Succession and regeneration in the natural forests in Central Europe. Geobios 18:202–208Google Scholar

    For further details log on website :
    http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13595-016-0576-z
    at

    No comments:

    Post a Comment

    Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

    Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

    Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...