International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: The case of Turkey

Published Date
August 2014, Vol.36:180–187, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.058

Author 
Salih Turan Katircioglu ^,

Department of Banking and Finance, Eastern Mediterranean University, P.O. Box 95, Famagusta, Northern Cyprus, Via Mersin 10, Turkey

Received 7 August 2011. Revised 7 April 2014. Accepted 27 April 2014. Available online 15 May 2014.

Abstract

This study investigates the long-run equilibrium relationship between tourism, energy consumption, and environmental degradation as proxied by carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Turkey, which attracts more than 30 million tourists per year, making it the sixth most visited country in the world. The study results reveal that tourism and energy consumption are in a long-term equilibrium relationship with CO₂ emissions; in the tourism-induced model, CO₂ emissions converge to the long-term equilibrium path by a 91.01 percent speed of adjustment every year through the channels of tourism, energy consumption, and aggregate income. Further, the results of the impulse response and variance decompositions reveal that the reaction of energy consumption, and therefore CO₂ emissions, to changes in tourism development is positive and gains strength in the longer periods. This implies that tourism development in Turkey has resulted not only in considerable increases in energy use but also considerable increases in climate change, as demonstrated by the econometric analysis of this study.

Keywords

Tourism

Energy consumption

Carbon emissions

Pollution

Autoregressive distributed lag

Turkey

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