Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of four alternatives for using by-products of cane sugar production

Published Date
Journal of Cleaner Production
May 2009, Vol.17(8):772–779, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.12.001

Author 

• Ana M. Contreras ^a
• Elena Rosa ^a
• Maylier Pérez ^a
• Herman Van Langenhove ^b
• Jo Dewulf ^b,,

• aFaculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Central University of Las Villas, Carretera a Camajuani km 5½, C.P. 54830 Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba
• bResearch Group ENVOC, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium

Received 1 April 2008. Revised 28 November 2008. Accepted 1 December 2008. Available online 25 December 2008. 

Abstract

Cane sugar production by-products can be considered either as waste, affecting the environment, or as a resource when an appropriate valorization technology is implemented.

This study is made with the objective of identifying and quantifying the aspects which have the largest environmental impact of four alternatives for using by-products and wastes from the cane sugar process and suggest improvements in the systems.

For this analysis a cane sugar mill was chosen in Cuba and four alternatives were designed for the by-product valorization. The first alternative represents the conventional sugar production; its main characteristics are the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, the bagasse combustion and the usage of molasses and agricultural wastes as animal food. Other wastes constitute emissions to the environment. Alternatives II, III and IV incorporate more use of by-products and wastes. Alternative II considers the use of wastewater, filter cake and ashes for the substitution of synthetic fertilizers. In Alternative III, the filter cake and wastewater are used for biogas production and Alternative IV integrates alcohol and biogas production into the sugar production process.

The assessment is done by means of Life Cycle Assessment, according to the ISO 14040 series by using the SimaPro 6.0 LCA software, Ecoinvent database and the Eco-indicator 99 methodology. As a functional unit the daily sugar production of the mill was defined (216 t/d). The sugar was selected as main product and all the by-products were assumed to substitute other products on the market, avoided products.

For the four alternatives, the agricultural stage shows the greatest impact due to land use, fuel and agrochemicals consumption. In the industrial stage, the electricity cogeneration with bagasse has the highest impact as to respiratory effects due to the emission of tiny particle material into the atmosphere. The major difference between the alternatives is found in the resource impact category. The advantage of producing alcohol, biogas, animal food and fertilizers from the by-products is made obvious through the comparative study for resource savings.

Keywords

Environmental impact

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Cane sugar

Alcohol

Sugar production by-products

Waste

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• ∗ 
  Corresponding author. Fax: +32 9 264 62 43.

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