Insects 2012, 3, 532-537; doi:10.3390/insects3020532
Dede Hermawan 1, Yusuf S. Hadi 1,*, Esi. Fajriani 1, Muhamad Y. Massijaya 1 and
Nurwati Hadjib 2
1
fajriani_esi@yahoo.co.id (E.F.); mymassijaya@yahoo.co.id (M.Y.M.)
fajriani_esi@yahoo.co.id (E.F.); mymassijaya@yahoo.co.id (M.Y.M.)
Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; E-Mails: dedemjmr@yahoo.co.id (D.H.);
2
Received: 8 April 2012; in revised form: 23 April 2012 / Accepted: 14 May 2012 / Published: 29 May 2012
Abstract: Laboratory-made particleboards were tested for their resistance to subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren (Order Isoptera, Family Termitidae) by Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207–2006, during four weeks and at the end of the test their mass loss percentage and feeding rate were determined. Particleboards consisted of: jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba, Family Rubiacea) with a density of 0.41 g/cm3; sungkai (Peronema canescens, Family Verbenaceae) with a density of 0.46 g/cm3; mangium (Acacia mangium, Family Rhamnaceae) with a density of 0.60 g/cm3 separately and the three species mixture at a rate of 1:1:1. Densities of the boards were targetted at 0.60 g/cm3 and 0.80 g/cm3 by using 12% urea formaldehyde as binder with 2% paraffin as additive based on oven dry wood particle weight. The hand-formed mats and hot-pressing at 130 °C and 2.45 MPa for 10 min were applied. The results showed that particleboards density did not affect mass loss and feeding rate, but the particleboards made from higher density wood resulted in higher resistance to subterranean termite attack. The most resistant particleboards were made of magium, followed by sungkai, mixed species, and jabon.
Keywords: particleboard; fast growing species; subterranean termite; mass loss; feeding rate
Received: 8 April 2012; in revised form: 23 April 2012 / Accepted: 14 May 2012 / Published: 29 May 2012
Abstract: Laboratory-made particleboards were tested for their resistance to subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren (Order Isoptera, Family Termitidae) by Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207–2006, during four weeks and at the end of the test their mass loss percentage and feeding rate were determined. Particleboards consisted of: jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba, Family Rubiacea) with a density of 0.41 g/cm3; sungkai (Peronema canescens, Family Verbenaceae) with a density of 0.46 g/cm3; mangium (Acacia mangium, Family Rhamnaceae) with a density of 0.60 g/cm3 separately and the three species mixture at a rate of 1:1:1. Densities of the boards were targetted at 0.60 g/cm3 and 0.80 g/cm3 by using 12% urea formaldehyde as binder with 2% paraffin as additive based on oven dry wood particle weight. The hand-formed mats and hot-pressing at 130 °C and 2.45 MPa for 10 min were applied. The results showed that particleboards density did not affect mass loss and feeding rate, but the particleboards made from higher density wood resulted in higher resistance to subterranean termite attack. The most resistant particleboards were made of magium, followed by sungkai, mixed species, and jabon.
Keywords: particleboard; fast growing species; subterranean termite; mass loss; feeding rate
Forest Products Research Institute, Bogor 16680, Indonesia; E-Mail: nurwati_hadjib@yahoo.com
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: yshadi@indo.net.id.
Insects 2012, 3
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
533
Natural forests used to account for 90% of log supply in Indonesia; however there was a drastic
change in 2000 when 60% logs were produced from plantation forests [1]. Fast-growing tree species
such as mangium (Acacia mangium, Family Rhamnaceae), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla, Family
Meliacea), pine (Pinus merkusii, Family Pinaceae), sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria, Family
Mimosaseae), sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia, Family Papilionaceae) and sungkai (Peronema canescens,
Family Verbenaceae) have been planted over approximately 4 million hectares, and these species are
harvested every 10–15 years [2]. Recently jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba, Family Rubiaceae) has
been gaining popularity because of a few favorable characteristics (fast-growing, straight and cylindric
stem, fewer knots, light color and density of wood 0.43 g/cm3) [3].
Wood from plantation forests generally contains a lot of juvenile wood which is inferior to mature wood in physical-mechanical properties and durability. However, Indonesian houses built from mature wood are not immune to termite attacks. In 1995 the economic losses caused by termites in various buildings amounted to approxiately US$ 200 million [4], and rose up to US$ 200–300 million in 2000 [5]. There is no doubt that there will be increased economic loss in the future, when wood products from plantation forests will be widely used as replacements for those from natural forests.
On the other hand, Massijaya et al. mentioned that small diameter logs from fast-growing species offer good prospects for biocomposite products, such as plywood, particleboard, fiberboard, cementboard, glulam, laminated veneer lumber, and these products are expected to meet national and international requirements for physical and mechanical performance [6]. Unfortunately, the durability of biocomposite products is not yet fully known, although it is thought to be similar to that of raw materials.
The purpose of this research was to determine the termite-resistance of particleboards made from fast-growing wood species, especially jabon, sungkai, mangium, and the mixture of the three species by using the Indonesian standardized laboratory test.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Particleboards
Particles were prepared from small or less than 30 cm diameter logs of: jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) with a density of 0.41 g/cm3; sungkai (Peronema canescens) with a density of 0.46 g/cm3; and mangium (Acacia mangium) with a density of 0.60 g/cm3. Particleboards were made from each wood species and the three species mixture at a rate of 1:1:1 by using 12% of urea formaldehyde as a binder and 2% paraffin based on oven dried wood particles weight for improving water resistance. Density targets of the boards were 0.60 g/cm3 or medium density particleboard and 0.80 g/cm3 or high density particleboard The hand-formed particle mats were hot-pressed at 130 °C temperature and 2.45 Mpa pressure for 10 min to produce boards 30 cm × 30 cm × 1 cm (length × width × thickness respectively).
2.2. Subterranean Termite Test
Table 1 summarizes the test method in SNI 01.7207–2006 [7,8]. A board sample was placed in a jam pot, leaning against a side wall with 200 g sand (7% moisture content under water holding capacity
Wood from plantation forests generally contains a lot of juvenile wood which is inferior to mature wood in physical-mechanical properties and durability. However, Indonesian houses built from mature wood are not immune to termite attacks. In 1995 the economic losses caused by termites in various buildings amounted to approxiately US$ 200 million [4], and rose up to US$ 200–300 million in 2000 [5]. There is no doubt that there will be increased economic loss in the future, when wood products from plantation forests will be widely used as replacements for those from natural forests.
On the other hand, Massijaya et al. mentioned that small diameter logs from fast-growing species offer good prospects for biocomposite products, such as plywood, particleboard, fiberboard, cementboard, glulam, laminated veneer lumber, and these products are expected to meet national and international requirements for physical and mechanical performance [6]. Unfortunately, the durability of biocomposite products is not yet fully known, although it is thought to be similar to that of raw materials.
The purpose of this research was to determine the termite-resistance of particleboards made from fast-growing wood species, especially jabon, sungkai, mangium, and the mixture of the three species by using the Indonesian standardized laboratory test.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Particleboards
Particles were prepared from small or less than 30 cm diameter logs of: jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) with a density of 0.41 g/cm3; sungkai (Peronema canescens) with a density of 0.46 g/cm3; and mangium (Acacia mangium) with a density of 0.60 g/cm3. Particleboards were made from each wood species and the three species mixture at a rate of 1:1:1 by using 12% of urea formaldehyde as a binder and 2% paraffin based on oven dried wood particles weight for improving water resistance. Density targets of the boards were 0.60 g/cm3 or medium density particleboard and 0.80 g/cm3 or high density particleboard The hand-formed particle mats were hot-pressed at 130 °C temperature and 2.45 Mpa pressure for 10 min to produce boards 30 cm × 30 cm × 1 cm (length × width × thickness respectively).
2.2. Subterranean Termite Test
Table 1 summarizes the test method in SNI 01.7207–2006 [7,8]. A board sample was placed in a jam pot, leaning against a side wall with 200 g sand (7% moisture content under water holding capacity
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