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Friday 17 March 2017
Effect of Pendimethalin, Trifluralin and Terbutryn on Lolium multiflorum growing with barley during pre-emergence stage
Published Date
Annals of Agricultural Sciences December 2014, Vol.59(2):239–242,doi:10.1016/j.aoas.2014.11.012 Open Access, Creative Commons license,Funding information Author
Khalid S. Alshallash
College of Sciences, Shagra University, Saudi Arabia
Received 21 July 2014. Accepted 6 August 2014. Available online 16 December 2014.
Abstract
Three herbicides, namely Pendimethalin, Trifluralin and Terbutryn were used to control the Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) associated with barley (Hordeum vulgare). The first herbicide Pendimethalin gave an effective control of L. multiflorum at doses as low as .125 kg a.i/ha and few plants survived with rates 0.5 kg a.i/ha. Effects on barley were severe; at dose of 0.25 kg a.i/ha barley plants decreased by more than 50%. Trifluralin controlled ryegrass numbers up to 90% at 1 kg/ha and caused little damage to barley plants. The last herbicide Terbutryn decreased the numbers of ryegrass plants quite effectively; it also damaged barley plants even at very low doses.
Introduction Herbicides are widely used in agriculture; they are used to kill unwanted plants. Selective herbicides kill specific targets, while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed. Some of these act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often synthetic mimics of natural plant hormones (Susuri et al., 2001,Lyon and Wilson, 2005andMunsif et al., 2009). Barley is one of the earliest domesticated cropsZohary and Hopf, 2000andZohary et al., 2012. It is one of the main cereals of the Mediterranean belt of agriculture. The herbicide pendimethalinN-(1-ethylpropyl)-2, 6-dinitro-3-4 xylidine is found as the preparation of Stomp 330E or mixed with other herbicide. Stomp 330 E is used for the eradication of annual grasses and some broad-leaved weeds in corn, soybean, potato, wheat, onion, tomato, cabbage, and pepper (Lin et al., 2007). Italian ryegrass is one of the most troublesome weeds in winter wheat production (Nandula et al., 2007).Lolium multiflorumis a herbaceous annual, biennial, or perennial grass that is grown for silage, and as a cover crop. It is also grown as an annual lawn grass and ornamental grassMoseley et al., 1988andFransen, 1994. It readily naturalizes in temperate climates, and can become a noxious weed in agricultural areas or an invasive species in native habitats. Trifluralin is a commonly used pre-emergence herbicide. With about 14 million pounds used in the United States in 2001, it is one of the most widely used herbicides (Meister, 1994). Trifluralin is generally applied to the soil to provide control of a variety of annual grass and broadleaf weed species. It inhibits root development by interrupting mitosis, and thus can control weeds as they germinate. Trifluralin has been banned in the European Union since March 20, 2008, primarily due to its high toxicity to fish and other aquatic life environmental behavior. Trifluralin undergoes an extremely complex fate in the environment and is transiently transformed into many different products as it degrades, ultimately being incorporated into soil-bound residues or converted to carbon dioxide (mineralized). Among the more unusual behaviors of trifluralin is inactivation in wet soils (Tag-ElDin et al., 1989). This has been linked to transformation of the herbicide by reduced soil minerals, which in turn had been previously reduced by soil microorganisms as electron acceptors in the absence of oxygen. This environmental process has been reported for many structurally related herbicides (Grover et al., 1997andTor et al., 2000). Terbutryn (2-tert. buthylamino-4-ethylamino-6-methylthio-s-triazine) is a systemic herbicide and has a moderate water solubility. Terbutryn does not influence microorganisms in soil and has low toxicity to birds. In the aquatic system terbutryn is very toxic to algae, and fish. Terbutryn is a selective herbicide and a triazine compound. It is absorbed by the roots and foliage and acts as an inhibitor of photosynthesis. Terbutryn is a preemergent and postemergent control agent for most grasses and many annual broadleaf weeds in winter wheat, winter barley, sorghum, sugarcane, sunflowers, peas, and potatoes (Wagner, 1981). It is also used as an aquatic herbicide for control of submerged and free-floating weeds and algae in water courses, reservoirs, and fish ponds (Muir, 1980,Stevens et al., 2001andArufe et al., 2004).
Materials and methods
Pendimethalin, Trifluralin and Terbutryn were applied as pre-emergence treatments to 10 cm2 pots with 50 seeds of L. multiflorum sown on the surface and 10 seeds of barley planted 2 cm deep in John James No. 1 compost. There are three replicates of 5 herbicide rates (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 kg a.i/ha for Pendimethalin and trifluralin and 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 kg a.i/ha for terbutryn). Treatments were applied 6 days after planting, observations were taken 2 weeks later of the number of plants and fresh weight/20 ryegrass plants and for all plants of barley.
Results and discussion
Pendimethalin
This gave an effective control of L. multiflorum at dose as low as .125 kg a.i/ha and few plants survived with rates of 0.5 kg or 1.0 kg a.i/ha. Effects on ryegrass fresh weight were not so dramatic. Those plants surviving need 0.7 kg a.i/ha for 50% inhibition (Figure. 1 and Figure. 2). The effects of pre-emergence pendimethalin on barley were quite severe. At dose of 0.25 kg a.i./ha numbers of barley plants were decreased by more than 50% and their size was also much less. So there is a little safety for using this product in this way (Lyon and Wilson, 2005 and Lin et al., 2007).
Figure. 1. Effect of Pendimethalin on annual ryegrass plants (numbers/pot).
Figure. 2. Effect of Pendimethalin on annual ryegrass fresh weight (g/20 plants).
Trifluralin
This herbicide controlled ryegrass numbers by up t0 90% at 1 kg/ha a.i.ha−1, and by 50% at 0.11 kg a.i/ha. Its effect on ryegrass fresh weight was not so dramatic (Figure. 3 and Figure. 4). Trifluralin caused only a slight damage to the barley at the highest rate which indicates the herbicide has quite high selectivity (Grover et al., 1997 and Tor et al., 2000).
Figure. 3. Effect of Trifluralin on annual ryegrass plants (numbers/pot).
Figure. 4. Effect of Trifluralin on annual ryegrass fresh weight (g/20 plants).
Terbutryn
This chemical decreased ryegrass plant numbers quite effectively, it also damaged barley at equally low doses and no acceptable level of tolerance was evident if weed control was adequate (Figure. 5, Figure. 6, Figure. 7 and Figure. 8). Thus it is not recommended to be used here. Other investigators studied this chemical (Muir, 1980, Stevens et al., 2001 and Arufe et al., 2004)
Figure. 5. Effect of Terbutryn on annual ryegrass plants (numbers/pot).
Figure. 6. Effect of Terbutryn on annual ryegrass fresh weight (g/20 plants).
Figure. 7. Effect of Terbutryn on barley plants (numbers/pot).
Figure. 8. Effect of Terbutryn on barley fresh weight (g/pot).
Zohary, D, Hopf, M, Weiss, E., 2012. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain-Shams University.
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