Seed morphology of the subfamily Helleboroideae (Ranunculaceae) and its systematic implication

Published Date
Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants
September 2015, Vol.216:6–25, doi:10.1016/j.flora.2015.07.004

Author 

• Balkrishna Ghimire ^a,,
• Mi Jin Jeong ^a
• Go Eun Choi ^a
• Hayan Lee ^a
• Gang Uk Suh ^a
• Kweon Heo ^b
• Ja Jung Ku ^a

• aPlant Conservation Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 487-829, Republic of Korea
• bDepartment of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea

Received 15 January 2015. Revised 14 July 2015. Accepted 15 July 2015. Available online 23 July 2015. Edited by Alessio Papini

Highlights

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  Major seed surface types: striate, lineate, colliculate and irregularly wrinkled.
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  The wall ornamentation was predominantly smooth.
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  Mechanical layer of the seed coat was of the exotesta except in all Eranthis.
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  A close relationship of Caltha–Trollius–Megaleranthis was convincingly supported.
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  Another group supported strongly by this study was Aconitum–Delphinium.

Abstract

A comprehensive morphological and anatomical study was carried out on seeds of 28 species from three tribes and eight genera of subfamily Helleboroideae (Aconitum, Actaea, Caltha, Cimicifuga, Delphinium, Eranthis, Megaleranthis and Trollius) and two putatively related genera in Ranunculaceae (Adonis and Ranunculus) using scanning electron and light microscopy to evaluate seed characteristics for use in the examination of systematic relationships. Considerable differences were found in seed coat morphology and anatomy both among and within genera of the subfamily. There are four major types of seed coat surface: striate, lineate, colliculate and irregularly wrinkled. The shape of testal cells was either elongated rectangular, rectangular chiseled, irregular or polygonal to subpolygonal. The wall ornamentation was predominantly smooth and either without any ornamentation or having finely granulated or some ribbon like appendages. The mechanical layer of the seed coat was of the exotestal type except in all species of Eranthis, in which the seed coat mechanical layer was absent; such a seed coat was referred to as being an ‘undifferentiated seed-coat’. Maximum parsimony analysis of morphological features establishes three groupings within the studied genera: Aconitum/Delphinium, Actaea/Cimicifuga, and Caltha/Eranthis/Trollius/Megaleranthis. This study is congruent with the earlier groupings of the Helleboroideae based on morphology and also agrees in part with recent molecular studies. Our data convincingly support a close relationship between Caltha–Trollius–Megaleranthis and between Actaea and Cimicifuga. Another group supported strongly by the results of this study is Aconitum–Delphinium.

Keywords

Helleboroideae

Ranunculaceae

Seed morphology

Seed anatomy

Systematics

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  Corresponding author.

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