Delaminations Induced by Weathering in Wood and Wood-Based Composites Panels

Published Date

pp 173-196

Date: 20 October 2010

Title 

Delaminations Induced by Weathering in Wood and Wood-Based Composites Panels

• Author 

• Voichita Bucur

Abstract

The term “weathering” (Feist 1982) defines any of the physical, mechanical or chemical process by which wood or wood based products undergo slow degradation induced by the weather (sunlight, wind, precipitations, diurnal and seasonal changes in relative humidity, atmospheric pollution, etc). Knowledge about weathering durability comes from practical experiences of end-users, from field tests and from standardized laboratory tests. The weathering process affects only the surface of wood or wood products. It was primarily accepted that the sunlight- ultraviolet radiation, visible and infrared radiation- initiate the wood weathering. (Williams 2005). The UV radiation has sufficient energy to degrade lignin and carbohydrates, while the visible light degrades wood extractives. Wood photo – degradation starts after exposure to the sunlight (Bentum and Addo-Ashong 1977; Derbyshire and Miller 1981, 1995; Groves and Banana 1986; Onishi et al. 1989). This process is very slow and is of about 5 mm thickness decreasing of a board during 100 years (Feist and Mraz 1978). In Table 9.1 are given some values of the erosion of earlywood and latewood of different species exposed to the North American climate for a period ranging from 4 to 16 years. Erosion values for plywood made from different species are given in Table 9.2. The erosion of earlywood is always greater than that of latewood. The ratio between the erosion of latewood and earlywood in solid wood, after 4 years of exposure varies between 2.37 and 2.5. The same ratio is different after 16 years of outdoor exposure and varies between 1.52 and 2.9 depending on species. For the plywood, after 4 years of exposure this ratio varies between 2.45 for Douglas fir and 3.2 … 3.4 for Western red cedar and redwood plywood. After 16 years of outdoor exposure the variation of this ratio is very small and is between 1.75 for Douglas fir plywood and 1.46 for Western red cedar plywood and redwood plywood.


References

1. Achenbach JD, Gautesen AK, Mendelsohn DA (1980) Ray analysis of surface waves interaction with an edge crack. IEEE Trans Son Ultrason SU 27:125–129
2. Achenbach JD, Komsky IN, Lee YC, Angel YC (1992) Self-calibrating ultrasonic technique for crack depth measurement. J Nondestruct Eval 11(2):103–108CrossRef
3. Angel YC, Achenbach JD (1984) Reflection and transmission of obliquely incident Rayleigh waves bu a surface – breaking crack. J Acoust Soc Am 75:313–319CrossRef
4. Arnold M, Lemaster RL, Dost WA (1992) Surface characterization of weathered wood using laser scanning system. Wood Fiber Sci 24(3):287–293
5. ASTM D 1037-06a Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials, hardboard, medium density fiberboard, http://​www.​astm.​org/​Standards/​D1037.​htm. Accessed 15 December 2008
6. ASTM D 2017-05 Standard Test Method of Accelerated Laboratory Test of Natural Decay Resistance of Woods, decay, evaluation, laboratory, natural, resistance. http://​www.​astm.​org/​Standards/​D2017.​htm. Accessed 15 December 2008
7. ASTM D 2481-05 Standard Test Method for Accelerated Evaluation of Wood Preservatives for Marine Services by Means of Small Size Specimens. http://​www.​fpl.​fs.​fed.​us/​documnts/​…/​fpl_​2008_​schirp001.​pdf. Accessed 15 December 2008
8. ASTM D 2898 – 08e1 (2008) Standard practice for accelerated weathering of fire-retardant-treated wood for fire testing
9. Bentum ALK, Addo-Ashong FW (1977) Weathering performance of some Ghanaian timbers. Technical Note 26, Forest Products Research Institute, Ghana
10. Biblis EJ (2000) Effect of weathering on surface quality and structural properties of six species of untreated commercial plywood siding after 6 years of exposure in Alabama. For Prod J 50(5):47–50
11. Black JM, Mraz EA, Lutz JF (1976) Performance of softwood plywood during 10 years exposure to weather. For Prod J 26(4):24–27
12. Borgin K (1970) The use of the scanning electron microscope for the study of weathered wood. J Microsc 92(1):47–55
13. Borgin K (1971) The mechanism of the breakdown of the structure of wood due to environmental factors. J Inst Wood Sci 5(4):26–30
14. Borgin K, Parameswaran N, Liese W (1975) The effect of aging on the ultrastructure of wood. Wood Sci Technol 9:87–98CrossRef
15. Christy AG, Senden TJ, Evans PD (2005) Automated measurement of checks at wood surface. Measurement 37:109–118CrossRef
16. Coupe C, Watson RW (1967) Fundamental aspects of weathering. Proc Ann Conv Br Wood Preserv Ass 2:37–49
17. Creemers J, Meijer M de, Zimmermann T, Sell J (2002) Influence of climatic factors on the weathering of coated wood. Holz Roh- Werkst 60:411–420CrossRef
18. Deglise X, Dirol D (2000) Durabilité des bois et problèmes associés. Hermes Science Publishing, Paris
19. Derbyshire H, Miller ER (1981) The photodegradation of wood during solar degradation. Part 1: Effects of structural integrity of thin wood strips. Holz Roh- Werkst 39:341–350CrossRef
20. Derbyshire H, Miller ER, Turkulin H (1995) Investigation into the photodegradation of wood using microtensile testing. Part I: the application of microtensile testing to the measurement of photodegradation rates. Holz Roh- Werkst 53:330–345
21. Donaldson L (2010) Delamination of wood at microscopic scale: current knowledge and methods. (Chapter 6, this volume)
22. Dong R, Adler L (1984) Measurements of reflection and transmission coefficients of Rayleigh waves from cracks. J Acous Soc Am 76(6):1761–1768CrossRef
23. Evans PD, Donnelly C, Cunningham RB (2003) Checking of CCA –treated radiata pine decking timber exposed to natural weathering. For Prod, J 53(4):66–71
24. Evans PD, Wingate – Hill R, Cunningham RB (1997) The ability of physical treatments to reduce checking in preservative treated slash pine posts. For Prod J 47(5):51–55
25. Flaete PO, Hoibo OA, Fjaertoft F, Nilsen TN (2000) Crack formation in unfinished siding of aspen (Populus tremula L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) during accelerated weathering. Holz als Roh- Werkst 58(3):135–139CrossRef
26. Feist WC (1982) The structural use of wood in adverse environments. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, New York, NY, pp 156–178
27. Feist WC, Hon DNS (1984) Chemistry and weathering and protection. In Rowell RM (ed) The chemistry of solid wood, Advances in Chemistry Series 2007 American Chemical Society, Washington DC
28. Feist WC (1990) Outdoor wood weathering and protection. In Rowell RM, Barbour JR (eds) Archeological wood: properties, chemistry and preservation, Proceedings of the 196 meeting American Chemical Society, September 25–28 Los Angeles
29. Feist WC, Mraz EA (1978) Comparison of outdoor and accelerated weathering of unprotected softwoods. For Prod J 28(3):38–43
30. Groves KW, Banana AY (1986) Weathering characteristics of Australian grown radiate pine. J Inst Wood Sci 10(5):210–213
31. Hayashi T, Miyatake A, Harada M (2002) Outdoor exposure tests of structural laminated veneer lumber. I Evaluation of physical properties after six years. J Wood Sci 48:69–74CrossRef
32. Hayashi T, Miyatake A, Fu F, Kato H, Karube M, Harada M (2005) Outdoor exposure tests of structural laminated veneer lumber. II Evaluation of the strength properties after nine years. J Wood Sci 51:486–491CrossRef
33. Hon DNS (1981) Weathering of wood in structural use. In “Environmental degradation of engineering materials in aggressive environments. Proceedings of 2nd international conference on environmental degradation of engineering materials. September 21–23 Blacksburg VA
34. Hon DNS, Feist WC (1986) Weathering characteristics of hardwood surfaces. Wood Sci Technol 20:169–183
35. Hunt MO, Matteson DA Jr (1976) Structural characteristics of weathered plywood. Mater Res Stand 6:508 –516
36. Imamura Y (1993) Morphological changes in acetylated wood exposed to weathering. Bull Wood Res Inst Kyoto Univ no 79:54–61
37. Kamden DP, Zhang J (2000) Characterization of checks and cracks on the surface of weathered wood. Int Res Group on Wood Preservation Doc 2000, IRG/WP 00 – 40153
38. Kishino M, Nakano T (2004) Artificial weathering of tropical woods. Part 1: Changes in wettability. Holzforschung 58:552–557CrossRef
39. Koch P (1970) Delamination of southern pine plywood during three years of exterior exposure. For Prod J 20(11):28–31
40. Koch P (1967) Minimizing and predicting delamination of southern pine plywood in exterior exposure. For Prod J 17(2):41–47
41. Kollman FP, Coté WA (1968) Principles of wood science and technology. Springer, Berlin
42. Kucera LJ, Sell J (1987) Weathering behaviour of beech wood in the ray tissue region. Holz als Roh – Werkst 45(3):89–93CrossRef
43. Kuo M, Hu N (1991) Ultrastructural changes of photodegradation of wood surfaces exposed to UV. Holzforschung 45(5):347–353CrossRef
44. Li ZD, Achenbach JD, Komsky IN, Lee YC (1992) Reflection and transmission of obliquely incident surface waves by an edge of a quarter space: theory and experiment. J Appl Mech 59:349–355CrossRef
45. Lidington BH, Silk MG (1975) Crack depth measurements using a single surface wave probe. Brit. J. NDT 17:165–167
46. Lopez C, Doval FF, Dorrio BV, Blanco-Garcia J, Bugarin J, Alen JM, Fernandez A, Fernandez JL, Perez – Amor M, Tejedor BG, (1998) Fibreoptic reflectometric technique for the automatic detection and measurement of surface cracks. Meas Sci Technol 9(9):1431–1431CrossRef
47. Luekens von U, Sell J (1972) Bewitterungsversuch der EMPA mit Holz und Anstrichen für Holzfassaden. Separatabdruck aus der Schweizerischen Maler – und Gipsermeister - Zeitung Nr 14
48. Miniutti VP (1967) Microscopic observations of ultraviolet irradiated and weathered softwood surfaces and clear coatings. US Forest Service Res. Paper FPL 74
49. Onishi M, Tsujimoto Y, Sakuno T (1989) Degradation behaviour of exterior wood after outdoor exposure for 2 years. Res Bull Tottori University Forests no 26:93–99
50. Raknes E (1997) Durability of structural wood adhesives after 30 years aging Holz Roh- Werkst 55:83–90
51. Raczkowski J (1980) Seasonal effects on the atmospheric corrosion of spruce micro-sections. Holz als Roh- Werkst 38:231–234CrossRef
52. Rietz RC (1961) Accelerated weathering of red oak treated with various preservatives used to treat crossties. For Prod J 11(12):567–575
53. Roux ML, Podgorski L (2000) The advantages of having in the future a European accelerated weathering test for wood finishes. Surf Coat Int 83,8:399–403CrossRef
54. Rydell A, Bergström M, Elowson T (2005) Mass loss and moisture dynamics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) exposed outdoors above ground in Sweden. Holzforschung 59:183–189CrossRef
55. Sandberg D (1999) Weathering of radial and tangential wood surfaces of pine and spruce. Holzforschung 53(4):355–364CrossRef
56. Sandberg D (1997) The influence of annual ring orientation on crack formation and deformation in water soaked pine (Pinus sylvestris L) and spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) timber, Holz als Roh- Werkst 55(3):175–182CrossRef
57. Sandberg D (1996) The influence of pith and juvenile wood on proportion of cracks in sawn timber when kiln dried and exposed to wetting cycles. Holz als Roh- Werkst 54(3):152CrossRef
58. Sandberg D, Söderström O (2006) Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce. Wood Mater Sci Eng 1(1):12–20CrossRef
59. Schniewind AP (1963) Mechanism of crack formation. For Prod J 13(11):475–480
60. Selbo ML (1969) performance of southern pine plywood during five years exposure to weather. For Prod J 19(8):56–60
61. Sell J, Wälchi O (1969) Changes in the surface texture of weather exposed wood. Material und Organismen 4:81–87
62. Sell J, Leukens U (1971) Investigations on weathered wood surface – Part II: weathering phenomena on unprotected wood species. Holz als Roh- Werkst 29:23–31CrossRef
63. Shaler SM, Wright B, Manbeck HB (1988) Strength and durability of phenol resorcinol joints of CCA –treated and untreated southern pine. For Prod J 38(10):59–63
64. Sudiyani Y, Takhashi M, Imamura Y, Minato K (1999) Physical and biological properties of chemically modified wood before and after weathering. Wood Res Bull Kyoto Univ no 86:1–6
65. Szymany R, McDonald KA (2004) Defect detection in lumber: state of the art. For Prod J 31(11):34–44
66. Unger A, Schniewind AP, Unger W (2001) Conservation of wood artifacts: a handbook. Springer, New York, NY ISBN-10: 3540415807
67. US Forest Products Lab (1974) Wood Handbook: Wood as an engineering material. USDA Agriculture Handbook 72, Madison, WI
68. Uzzielli L (1998) Historical overview of panel making techniques in central Italy. In Dardes K, Roth A (eds) The structural conservation of panel paintings. Proceedings of the symposium journal Paul Getty museum, pp 24–28 April, Los Angeles, pp 110–135
69. Uzzielli L (2006) The approach of wood science towards conservation of wooden objects belonging to the cultural heritage. Proceedings of the cultural heritage and science Gent Belgium 5–7 December
70. Wahl P, Hanhijarvi A, Silvennoinen R (2001) Investigation of micro cracks in wood with laser speckle intensity Opt Eng 40(5):788–792CrossRef
71. Williams RS (2005) Weathering of wood. In Rowell RM (ed) Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 139–185
72. Williams RS, Feist WC (2007) Durability of yellow-poplar and sweetgum and service life of finished after long-term exposure. For Prod J 54(7/6):96–101
73. Williams RS, Sawan L, Sotos P, Knaebe M, Feist WC (2005) Performance of finished western juniper lumber and particleboard during outdoor exposure. For Prod J 55(11):65–72

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-9550-3_9