Blog List

Thursday, 1 September 2016

Time Dependent Properties

Published Date
Volume 3 of the series NATO Conference Series pp 191-209

Title 

Time Dependent Properties

  • Author 
  • Ronald G. Pearson

Abstract

As described in earlier papers, wood is an oriented composite of remarkable complexity. Connections between the structural components range from the numerous strong hydrogen bonds in the crystalline regions of the microfibrils through a limited number of covalent bonds between the many-branched lignin and adjacent carbohydrate polymers (probably hemicellulose) to the relatively sparse hydrogen bonds in the amorphous regions.

References

  1. Aoki, T. and T. Yamada, 1977, Chemorheology of wood. I. Stress relaxaton of wood during hydrolysis. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 23(2): 107–113.
  2. Arima, T. and P. V. A. Grossman, 197 8, Recovery of wood after mechano-sorptive deformation. J. Inst. Wood Sci. 8(2):47–52.
  3. Arima, T. 1979, Recovery of wood after mechano-sorptive deformation. II. Effects of drying conditions while clamped. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 25(7):469–475.
  4. Armstrong, L. D. and R. S. T. Kingston, 1960. Effect of moisture changes on creep in wood. Nature 185(4716):862.ADSCrossRef
  5. Armstrong, L. D. and P. V. A. Grossman, 1972, The behavior of particleboard and hardboard beams during moisture cycling. Wood Sc. and Tech. 6 128–137.CrossRef
  6. Armstrong, L. A. and R. S. T. Kingston, 1968, The effect of moisture content changes on the deformation of wood under stress. Aust. J. Applied Sci. 13(4):257–76.
  7. Armstrong, L. D. and P. V. A. Grossman, 1972, The behavior of particleboard and hardboard beams during moisture cycling. Wood Sc. and Tech. 6:128–137.CrossRef
  8. Bach, L. 1973, Reiner-Weisenberg*s Theory applied to time-dependent facture of wood subjected to various modes of mechanical loading. Wood Sci. 5(3):161–171.MathSciNet
  9. Bach, L. 1975, Failure perpendicular to the grain in wood subjected to sustained bending loads. Wood Sci. 7(4):323–327.MathSciNet
  10. Barrett, J. D. and R. 0. Foschi, 1978, Duration of load and probability of failure in wood. Part I. Modelling creep rupture. Part II. Constant, ramp and cyclic loadings. Canadian J. of Civil Eng. 5(4):505–514 and 515–532.
  11. Bello, E. D., 1968, Effect of transverse compression stress on equilibrium moisture content of wood. For. Prod. J. 18(2): 69–76.
  12. Bryan, E. L., 1960, Bending strength of particleboard under long- term load. For. Prod. J. 14(4):200–204.
  13. Bryan, E. L. and A. P. Schniewind, 1965, Strength and rheological properties of particleboard affected by moisture content and sorption. For. Prod. J. 10(4):143–148.
  14. Chan, W. W. L., 1979, Strength properties and structural use of tempered hardboard. J. Inst. Wood Sc. 8(4):147–160.
  15. Chow, S. and R. W. Caster, 1978, Relationship of adhesive softening temperature to exposure tests for bond durability. For. Prod. J. 28:38–43.
  16. Chow, P. and R. C. Hanson, 1979, Effects of load level, core density and shelling ratio on creep behavior of hardboard composites. Wood & Fiber 11 (l):57–65.
  17. Davidson, R. W. 1962, The influence of temperature on creep in wood. For. Prod. J. 12(8):377–381.
  18. Dinwoodie, J. M. 1968, Microscopic changes in cell-wall structure associated with compression failure. J. Inst. Wood Sci. 4(3):37–53.MathSciNet
  19. Dinwoodie, J. M., 1978, The properties and performance of particleboard adhesives. J. Inst. Wood Sci. 8(2):59–68.
  20. Ellwood, E. L., 1954, Properties of American beech in tension and compression perpendicular to the grain and their relation to drying. Yale University, School of Forestry Bulletin No. 61.
  21. Gerhards, C. C., 1979, Time-related effects of loading on wood strength: a linear cumulative damage theory. Wood Sc.11(3) 139–144.
  22. Gillespie, R. H. and B. H. River, 1976, Durability of adhesives in plywood. For. Prod. J. 20(10):21–25.
  23. Gnanaharan, R. and J. Haygreen, 1979, Comparison of the creep behavior of a basswood waferboard to that of solid wood. Wood & Fiber JJ (3):155–170.
  24. Gressel, P. 1972, The effect of time, climate and loading on the bending behavior of wood base materials. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 259–266, 347–355, and 479–488. (In German).
  25. Grossman, P. U. A. and R. S. T. Kingston, 1963, Some aspects of the rheological behavior of wood. III. Tests of linearity. Aust. J. Appl. Sc. 14(4):305–317.
  26. Grossman, P. U- A., 1976, Requirements for a model that exhibits mechano-sorptive behavior. Wood Sc. and Tech. 10:163–168.CrossRef
  27. Hall, H. and J. Haygreen., 1978, Flexural creep of 5/8-inch particleboard and plywood during two years of concentrated loading. For. Prod. J. 28(6):19–22.
  28. Halligan, A. F. and A. P. Schniewind, 1972, Effect of moisture on physical and creep properties of particleboard. For. Prod. J. 22(4):41–48.
  29. Haygreen, J., H. Hall, K-N. Yang and R. Sawicki, 1975, Studies of flexural creep behavior in particleboard under changing humidity conditions. Wood and Fiber 7(2):74–90.
  30. Hillis, W. E. and A. N. Rozsa, 1978. Softening temperatures of wood. Holzforschung 32(2):68–73.CrossRef
  31. Hoyle, Jr., R. J. and R. D. Adams, 1975, Load duration factors for strand wood, plywood and clear wood. Washington State University, Ninth Particleboard Proceedings, p. 83–107.
  32. Hunt, D. G., 1976, Rupture tests of wood chipboard under long-term loading. J. Inst. Wood Sc. 7(3):13–21.
  33. Kaneda, H., 1979, Studies on the weatherability of composite wood. VIII. The effect of core veneer’s lathe check on the durability of adhesive joint of plywood under loaded condition. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 25(1):43–49.
  34. Keith, C. T., 1971, The anatomy of compression failure in relation to creep-inducing stresses. Wood Sci. 4(2):71–82.
  35. Kingston, R. S. T. K. and L. N. Clarke, 1961, Some aspects of the rheological behavior of wood. I. The effect of stress with particular reference to creep. II. Analysis of creep data by reaction-rate and thermodynamic methods. Aust. J. Appl. Sc. 12(2):211–240.
  36. Kingston, R. S. T. K., 1962, Creep, relaxation and failure of wood. Research 15, April 1962:164–170.
  37. Kufner, M., 1970, Creep in wood particleboard under long-term bending load. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 28(11):429–446.CrossRef
  38. Laidlaw, R. A. 1975, The durability of glues for plvwood manufacture. British Research Estalblishment Information IS9/75:3 pp.
  39. Lehmann, W. F., 1978, Cyclic moisutre conditions and their effect on strength and stability of structural flakeboards. For. Prod. J. 28(6):23–31.
  40. Lin, T-H. and M. Okuma, 1978. Durability of structural particle- board. 2, Some flexural properties in the repetitive loading test. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 24(12):879–883.
  41. Lofty, M., M. L. M. El-Osta and R. W. Wellwood, 1972, Short-term creep as related to cell-wall crystallinity. Wood and Fiber 4(3):204–211.
  42. Lyon, D. E. and H. M. Barnes, 1978, Time-dependent properties of particleboard in flexure. For. Prod. J. 28(12):28–33.
  43. Lyon, D. E. and A. P. Schniewind, 1978, Prediction of creep in plywood. Part I. Prediction models for creep in plywood. Wood & Fiber 28(l):28–38.
  44. Lundgren, S. A., 1969, Wood-based panel products as building materials. Part I. Swedish Wallboard Association, Stockholm.
  45. McNatt, J. D., 1970, Design stresses for hardboard—effect of rate, duration and repeated loading. For. Prod. J. 20(1):53–60.
  46. McNatt, J. D., 1975, Effect of rate of loading and duration of load on properties of particleboard. U.S. Dept. of Agric., For. Prod. Lab. Research Paper FPL 270.
  47. McNatt, J. D. and F. Werren, 1976, Fatigue properties of three particleboards in tension and interlaminar shear. For. Prod. J. 26(5):45–48.
  48. Madsen, B. 1972, Duration of load tests for wood in tension perpendicular to grain. U. of B. C., Dept. of Civ. Eng. Struct. Res. Series Report No. 7.
  49. Madsen, B., 1973, Duration of load tests for dry lumber subjected to bending. For. Prod. J. 23(2):21–28.
  50. Madsen, B., 1975, Duration of load tests for wet lumber subjected to bending. For. Prod. J. 25(2):33–40.
  51. Madsen, B. and J. D. Barrett, 1976, Time-strength relationship for lumber. U. of Brit. Columbia, Structural Res. Series Report No. 13.
  52. Mindess, S., J. S. Nadeau and J. D. Barrett, 1976, Effect of constant deformation rate on strength perpendicular to the grain of Douglas fir. Wood Sci. 8(4):262–266.
  53. Moriizumi, S. and T. Okano, 1978, Visco-elasticity and structure of wood. IV. Behavior of crystal lattice strain dependent on moisture content and time. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 24(1):1–6.
  54. Mukudai, J. and S. Sakamoto, 1978, Evaluating of linear visco- elastic behavior of wood. II. On change of load of plate shear test specimens being subjected to deflection changing with lapse of time. J. Japan Wood Research Society 24(9): 605–611.
  55. Pearson, R. G., 1972, The effect of duration of load on the bending strength of wood. Holzforschung 26(4):153–157.CrossRef
  56. Preston, S. B,, 1954, The effect of synthetic resin adhesives on the strength and physical properties of wood veneer laminates. Yale University, School of Forestry Bull. No. 60.
  57. Salmen, N. L. 1979, Thermal softening of the components of paper: Its effect on mechanical properties. Trans. Tech. Sect., 5 (3):TR45–50, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association
  58. Salmen, N. L. and E. L. Back. 1977, The influence of water on the glass transition temperature of cellulose. Tappi 60(12): 137–140.
  59. Sauer, D. J. and J. G. Haygreen, 1968, Effects of sorption on flexural creep behavior of hardboard. For. Prod. J. 18(10): 57–63.
  60. Schniewind, A. P. and J. C. Centeno., 1973, Fracture toughness and duration of load factor. I. Six principal systems of crack propagation and the duration factor for cracks propagating parallel to the grain. Wood and Fiber 5(2): 152–159.
  61. Schniewind, A. P., 1979, A seven year tale: or how boards have breakdown from everyday pressure. Proc. First Inter. Conf. on Wood Fracture held at Banff, Alberta, August, 1978. Pub. by Forintek Canada Corp., Western Forest Products Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C.
  62. Simpson, W. T., 1971, Moisture changes induced in red oak by transverse stress. Wood Fiber 3(1):13–21.
  63. Steiner, P. R. and S. Chow, 1975, Low temperature durability of common wood adhesives. For. Prod. J. 25(8):26–30.
  64. Spencer, R., 1978, Rate of loading effect in bending for Douglas fir lumber. Paper presented at First Wood Fracture Mechanics Conference, Banff-Alberta, August 14–18.
  65. Szabo, T. and G. Ifju, 1970, Influence of stress on creep and moisture distribution in wooden beams under sorption conditions. Wood Sci. 2(3): 159–167.
  66. Wood, L. W., 1951, Relation of strength of wood to duration of load. U. S. Dept. of Agric., For. Prod. Lab. Report No. 1916.
  67. Young, R. L., 1957, The perpendicular to grain mechanical properties of red oak as related to temperature, moisture content and time. U. S. Dept. of Agric., For. Prod. Lab. Report No. 2079.
  68. Ylinen, A. 1957, Zur theorie der Danerstand festigkeit des Holzes. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff. 15(5):213–215.CrossRef
  69. Gerhards, C.C., 1977, Time-related effects of loads on strength of wood. Proc. Conf. on Environmental Degradation of Engineering Materials, College of Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia.
  70. Hearmon, R. F. S. and J. M. Paton, 1964, Moisture content changes and creep of wood. For. Prod. J. 14(8):357–359.


For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-8983-5_10

No comments:

Post a Comment

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...