DIVERSITY OF BIRDS ACROSS LAND USE AND HABITAT GRADIENTS IN FORESTS, RUBBER AGROFORESTS AND RUBBER PLANTATIONS OF NORTH SUMATRA

Author

Asep Ayat, Hesti L. Tata

Abstract

Birds play a pivotal role in ecosystems, but in disturbed areas their role may be limited due to changes in their habitat.  In Simalungun and Asahan districts, North Sumatra, bird communities were studied in a range of habitats: natural forest, rubber agroforests (RAF), rubber monoculture plantations (RMP) and emplacement areas. The birds were observed using descriptive survey methods by implementing a quick biodiversity survey, with data collected along a 1km transect.  In total, 142 species of birds from 42 families were found in the four habitats. Natural forests held the highest diversity of bird species, followed by rubber agroforests, emplacement areas and rubber plantations, with a Shannon-Wiener index of 4.5, 3.6, 3.6 and 3, respectively. Regarding the IUCN red list species, 12 bird species of near-threatened status and 2 species of vulnerable status were recorded.  Based on CITES categories, one species was listed in the Appendix criteria I, 12 species were classified in Appendix II and 26 bird species were protected under Indonesian regulations. Changes in the structure and composition of vegetation in disturbed forests and cleared land determined the richness of bird species. The different tree compositions in the three habitats of the rubber estate plantations and surrounding areas influenced the number of bird species, their diversity and species composition.

Keywords

ecosystem services; smallholder rubber; species richness; guild types

Full Text:

PDF

References

Act of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5 of 1990 Concerning Conservation of Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems (in Bahasa Indonesia) (1990). Indonesia

Andrén, H. (1994). Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: A review. Oikos, 71(3), 355–366.

Andrew, P. (1992). The birds of Indonesia–a checklist (Peter’s Sequence). Jakarta: Indonesian Ornithological Society.

Aratrakorn, S., Thunhikorn, S., & Donald, P.F. (2006). Changes in bird communities following conversion of lowland forest to oil palm and rubber plantations in southern Thailand. Bird Conservation International, 16(1), 71–82. doi:10.1017/S095927090600006

Baker, J., French, K., & Whelan, R. J. (2002). The edge effect and ecotonal species: Bird communities across a natural edge in south-eastern Australia. Ecology, 83, 3048–3059.

CITES. (2012). Convention on International Trade in Endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Apendices I, II and III. CITES and UNEP. Retrieved from http://www.cites.org/eng/app/2012/E-2012-09-25.pdf

Danielsen, F., & Heegard, M. (1995). Impact of logging and plantation development on species diversity: a case study from Sumatra. In Ø. Sandbukt (Ed.), Management of tropical forests: towards an integrated perspective (pp. 73–92). Oslo: Centre for Development and the Environment, University Oslo.

Ekadinata, A., & Vincent, G. (2011). Rubber agroforests in a changing landscape: analysis of land use/cover trajectories in Bungo District, Indonesia. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 20, 3–14.

Fitri, L., & Ford, H. A. (2003). Breeding biology of Hooded Robins Melanodryas cucullata in New England, New South Wales. Corella, 27, 68–74.

González-Oreja, J. A., Barillas-Gómez, A. L., Bonache-Regidor, C., Buzo-Franco, D., García-Guzmán, J., & Hernández-Santín, L. (2012). Does habitat heterogeneity affect bird community structure in urban parks? In C. A. Lepczyk & P. S. Warren (Eds.), Urban bird ecology and conservation (Studies inAvian Biology No. 45). (pp. 1–16). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Retrieved from http://www.ucpress.edu/content/ancillaries/12112/lepczyk_special_topic_a.pdf

Goverment Regulation of Republic Indonesia No. 7 of 1999 concerning Preservation of plants and animals (in Bahasa Indonesia) (1999). Indonesia

Hernowo, J. B., Soekmadi, R., & Ekarelawan. (1991). A study of wildlife in IPB Campus Darmaga Wildlife. Media Conservation, 3(2), 43–65.

Holmes, D. A., & Rombang, W. M. (2001). Important bird area: Sumatra. Bogor: Birdlife International/PHKA.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). (2012). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Retrieved from www.iucnredlist.org

Jihad. (2009). The diversity types of birds at agroforestry and primary forest habitat in the Region of Sibulan-bulan, Batang Toru, North Sumatra (Thesis) (in Bahasa Indonesia). Universitas Negeri Jakarta.

Jordano, P., Godoy, J. A., & Garcia-Castano, J. L. (2007). Differential contribution of frugivores to complex seed dispersal patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104(9), 3278–3282. doi:10.1017/S095927090600006

Joshi, L., Wibawa, G., Vincent, G., D., B., Akiefnawati, R., Manurung, G., & van Noordwijk, M. (2002). Complex rubber agroforestry: challenge for development. Bogor: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF).

Karr, J. R., Schemske, D. S., & Brokaw, N. V. L. (1983). Temporal variation in the understorey bird community of tropical forest. In E. J. Leight (Ed.), The Ecology of a Tropical Forest Seasonal Rhythms and Long Term Changes (pp. 441–454). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

King, B., Woodcock, M., & Dickinson, E. C. (1975). Field guide to the birds of South East Asia. London: Harper Collins Publishers.

Krebs, C. J. (1999). Ecological methodology (2nd ed.). Canada: Addison-Welsey Educational Publiser, Inc.

Lambert, F. R., & Collar, N. J. (2002). The future for Sundaic lowland forest birds: Long-term effects of commercial logging and fragmentation. Forktail, 18, 127–146.

Lambert, F. R., & Marshall, A. G. (1991). Keystone characteristics of bird-dispersed Ficus in a Malaysian lowland rain forest. Journal Ecolology, 79, 793–809.

Lane, V. R., Miller, K. V., Castleberry, S. B., Cooper, R. J., Miller, D. A., Wigley, T. B., … Mihako, R. L. (2011). Bird community reponses to a gradient of site preparation intensities in pine plantation in the coastal plain of North Carolina. Forest Ecology and Management, 262, 1668–1678.

Laumonier, Y., Uryu, Y., Stüwe, M., Budiman, A., Setiadi, B., & Hadian, O. (2010) (2010). Eco-floristic sector and deforestation threats in Sumatra: identifying new conservation area network priorities for ecosystem-based land use planning. Biodiversity and Conservation, 1, 1153–1174.

Lunberg, J., & Moberg, F. (2003). Mobile link organisms and ecosystem functioning: Implications for ecosystem resilience and management. Ecosystems, 6, 87–98.

MacKinnon, J., & Phillips, K. (1993). Field guide to the birds of Sumatra, Borneo, Java and Bali (The Greater Sunda Islands). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

MacKinnon, J., Phillips, K., & van Balen, B. (1998). A field guide of the birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. Bogor: Puslitbang Biologi LIPI - Birdlife International Indonesia Program.

Magurran, A. E. (1988). Ecological diversity and its measurement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Marle, J. G. M., & Marle, V. (1988). The birds of sumatra: an annotated checklist (B.O.U. Check-list No. 10). British Ornithologists Union, UK.

McNeely, J. A. (1988). Economics and biological diversity: developing and using economic incentives to conserve biological resources. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Mulyani, Y. A. (1985). Study of the diversity of bird species on the campus of IPB Dramaga [Unpublished Thesis] (in Bahasa Indonesia). Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.

Nair, P. K. R. & Garrity, D. P. (Ed.). (2012). Agroforestry: The future of global land use. The Netherland: Springer.

Ningsih, H., Rahayu, S., & Tata, H. L. (2011). Compariosn of floristic composition and diversity in bridgestone rubber plantations and their surroundings. In H. L. Tata (Ed.), Recognizing biodiversity in rubber plantations (pp. 35–50). Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Office. Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/report/RP0277-11.PDF.

Novarino, W., & Salsabila, A. (2005). Type of bird diversity in the concession area PT Nusa Lease Timber Corp dan PT Sestra II. Jurnal Biologica, 1(9), 11–21.

O’Brien, T. G., & Kinnaird, M. F. (1996). Birds and mammals of the Bukit Barisan Selatan national Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Oryx, 30(3), 207–217.

Odum, E. P. (1971). Fundamental of ecology (3rd ed.). Philladelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.

Prawiradilaga, D. M., Astuti, D., Marakarmah, A., Wijamukti, S., & Kundarmasno, A. (2002). Monitoring the bird community at Gunung Kendeng-Gunung Halimun National Park (Part A). In S. Kahono, T. Okayama, & A. J. Arief (Eds.), Biodiversity of the last submontane tropical rain forest in Java: Gunung Halimun National Park (pp. 4–13). Bogor: Research and Conservation of Biodiversity in Indonesia.

Rittenhouse, C. D., Pidgeon, A. M., Albright, T. P., Culbert, P. D., Clayton, M. K., Flather, S. H., … Radeloff, V. C. (2010). Conservation of forest birds: Evidence of a sift baseline in community structure. PloS ONE, 5(8), 1–9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011938

Said, Z., Ekadinata, A., & Widayati, A. (2011). Land-use and land-cover changes and trajectories in Dolok Merangir and Aek Tarum. In H. L. Tata (Ed.), Recognizing biodiversity in rubber plantations (pp. 16–36). Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Office. Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/report/RP0277-11.PDF

Sirait, M. A. (2007). Field test of the Rapid Land Tenure Assessment (RATA) on the Batang Toru Watershed, North Sumatra. Working Paper. Bogor, Indonesia: World Agroforesry Centre (ICRAF) South East Asia Regional Programme.

Sujatnika, J. P., Soehartono, T. R., Crosby, M. J., & Mardiastuti, A. (1995). Conserving Indonesian biodiversity : the endemic bird area approach. Jakarta: PHPA/Birdlife International – Indonesia Program.

Sukmantoro, W., Irham, M., Novarino, W., Hasundungan, F., Kemp, N., & Muchtar, M. (2007). List of birds Indonesia No. 2. Bogor, Indonesia: Indonesian Ornithologist Union.

Tata, H. L., Nurhariyanto, Prasetyo, P. N., Jihad, Joshi, L., & Martini, E. (2013). Quick biodiversity survey (QBSur). In M. Van Noordwijk, B. Lusiana, S. Dewi, & D. Wulandari (Eds.), Negotiation-support toolkit for learning landscapes (pp. 139–142). Bogor: World Agrofroestry Centre Southeast Asia Regional Program. Retrieved from http://www.asb.cgiar.org/book/negotiation-support-toolkit-learning-landscapes

Tata, H. L., Van Noordwijk, M., & Werger, M. J. (2008). Trees and regeneration in rubber agroforests and other forest-derived vegetation in Jambi (Sumatra, Indonesia). Journal of Forestry Research, 5(1), 1–20.

van Noordwijk, M., Tata, H. L., Xu, J., Dewi, S., & Minang, P. (2012). Segregate or integrate for multifunctionality and sustained change through rubber-based agroforestry in Indonesia and China. In P. K. . R. Nair & D. P. Garrity (Eds.), Agroforestry: The Future of global land use (pp. 69–104). The Netherlands: Springer.

Warmke, H. E. (1952). Studies on natural pollination of Hevea brasiliensis in Brazil. Science. Science, 116(3018), 474–475.

Welty, J. C. (1982). The life of birds (3rd ed.). Philladelphia: Saunders College Publishing.

Wenny, D. G., DeVault, T. L., Johnson, M. D., Kelly, D., Sekercioglu, C. H. Tomback, D. F., & Whelan, C. J. (2011). The need to quantify ecosystem services provided by birds. The Auk, 128(1), 1–14.

Wiens, J. A. (1989). The Ecology of bird communities. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). (2011). Accountability and local level initiative to reduce emission from deforestation and degradation in Indonesia (ALLREDDI Final Report). Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre-ICRAF.

Yoza, D. (2000). Oil palm plantation impact on biodiversity bird in PT Ramajaya Pramukti Plantation Area District Kampar in Riau Province [Thesis]. Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.2.103-120

For further details log on website :
http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/1666