PHENOLOGY, CLIMATE, AND ADAPTATION: HOW DOES DIPTEROCARPS RESPOND TO CLIMATE?

Author

Nurul L. Winarni, Dewi R. Kurniasari, Diny Hartiningtias, Meyner Nusalawo, Niken Sakuntaladewi

Abstract

Temperature, rainfall and extreme weather have been indicated to affect the phenological patterns and forest productivity by shifting flowering and fruiting seasons and patterns, as well as crop production. Dipterocarpaceae are high value trees for both timber and non-timber forest products. This study aims to determine the response of phenological patterns of flowering and fruiting of Dipterocarps to climate variables. The study was conducted at Way Canguk Research Station of the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP), Lampung during May-November 2012 by analyzing 14 years (1998-2012) of phenological data of Dipterocarps. The phenology surveys were carried out on monthly basis by estimating the percentage of flowering, fruiting (divided into 0-4 scoring) and the crop production. The results indicated that the phenological patterns of Dipterocarps in the area depicted major and minor patterns without mass-flowering time, different from what have been reported for Kalimantan or North Sumatra. Minor peak flowering season showed regular flowering, particularly during March to July every year. However, there were major flowering seasons in November 2002 (20.2%), September 2006 (21%), and October-November 2011 (20.3%). Average monthly fruit production showed a peak at the end of the dry season. Major flowering season seemed to coincide with the period of major El Nino events in November 2002 and September 2006, while others associated with La Nina. This study suggest that phenology and climate change may have implications in designing strategies for collection of seed materials to support the conservation and plantation programs of the Dipterocarps.

Keywords

Dipterocarpaceae; phenology; climate; Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park

Full Text:

PDF

References

Appanah, S. (1993). Mass flowering of dipterocarp forests in the aseasonal tropics. Journal of Biosciences, 18(4), 457–474.

Appanah, S., & Turnbull, J. M. (1998). A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. http://doi.org/10.2307/2844700

Ashton, P. S., Givnish, T. J. & Appanah, S. (1988). Staggered flowering in the Dipterocarpaceae: new insights into floral induction and the evolution of mast fruiting in the aseasonal tropics. American Naturalist, 44–66.

Blaser, J., Sarre, A., Poore, D., & Johnson, S. (2011). Status of Tropical Forest Management 2011. ITTO Technical Series (Vol. 38). http://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247400051135

Brearley, F. Q., Proctor, J., Suriantata, Nagy, L., Dalrymple, G., & Voysey, B. C. (2007). Reproductive phenology over a 10-year period in a lowland evergreen rain forest of central Borneo. Journal of Ecology, 95(4), 828–839.

Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J., Struhsaker, T.T., Zanne, A.E., Clark, C.J., & Poulsen, J.R. (2005). A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 21(1), 31–45. Retrieved from http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0266467404001993

Cleland, E. E., Chuine, I., Menzel, A., Mooney, H. A., & Schwartz, M. D. (2007, July). Shifting plant phenology in response to global change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution.

Climate Prediction Center Internet Team. (2012). Cold and warm episodes by season. Retrieved July 15, 2013, from http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml

Climate Prediction Center Internet Team. (2014). Cold and warm episodes by season. Retrieved July 2, 2014, from http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml

Corlett, R. & Primack, R. (2005). Dipterocarps: trees that dominate the Asian Rain Forest. 63(3), 3–7.

Corlett, R. T., & LaFrankie, J. V. (1998). Potential impacts of climate change on tropical Asian forests through an influence on phenology. Climatic Change, 39(2-3), 439–453.

Curran, L. M., Caniago, I., Paoli, G. D., Astianti, D., Kusneti, M., Leighton, M., … Haeruman, H. (1999). Impact of El Nino and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo. Science, 286(5447), 2184–2188. Retrieved from ://WOS:000084157300060nhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/286/5447/2184.full.pdf

Ehrenfeld, J. G., & Toth, L. A. (1997). Restoration Ecology and the Ecosystem Perspective. Restoration Ecology, 5(4), 307–317. Retrieved from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.00544.x/abs

Farnsworth, E. (2000). The ecology and physiology of vivaparous and recalcitrant seeds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31, 107–138.

Gaveau, D. L., Wandono, H. & Setiabudi, F. (2007). Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: Have protected areas halted forest loss and logging, and promoted re-growth. Biological Conservation, 134(4), 495–504.

Hartiningtias, D. (2013). Analysis of phenological patterns and community structure of Dipterocarpaceae in Way Canguk research station, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung.

IUCN. (2015). Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved August 3, 2015, from www.iucnredlist.org

Kettle, C. J. (2010). Ecological considerations for using dipterocarps for restoration of lowland rainforest in Southeast Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19(4), 1137–1151.

Kinnaird, M. F. & O’Brien, T. G. (1998). Ecological effects of wildfire on lowland rainforest in Sumatra. Conservation Biology, 12(5), 954–956.

Kinnaird, M. F. & O’Brien, T. G. (2007). The ecology and conservation of Asian hornbills: farmers of the forest. University of Chicago Press.

Kinnaird, M. F., O’Brien, T. G. & Suryadi, S. (1999). The Importance of figs to Sulawesi’s imperiled wildlife. Tropical Biodiversity, 6, 5–18.

Kinnaird, M.F., Sanderson, E.W., O’Brien, T.G., Wibisono, H.T. & Woolmer, G. (2003). Deforestation trends in a tropical landscape and implications for endangered large mammals. Conservation Biology, 17(1), 245–257.

Leighton, M. (1982). Fruit resources and patterns of feeding, spacing and grouping among sympatric Bornean Hornbills (Bucerotidae). University of California, Davis.

McCarty, J. P. (2001). Ecological Consequences of recent climate change. The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 15, 320–331.

Newstrom, L. E., Frankie, G. W., & Baker, H. G. (1994). A new classification for plant phenology based on flowering patterns in lowland tropical rain forest trees at La Selva, Costa Rica. Biotropica, 26(2), 141–159. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2388804

Numata, S., Yasuda, M., Okuda, T., Kachi, N., & Noor, N. S. M. (2003). Temporal and spatial patterns of mass flowerings on the Malay Peninsula. American Journal of Botany, 90(7), 1025–1031.

O’Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M. F., Sunarto, Dwiyahreni, A. A., Rombang ,W. M. & Anggraini, K. (1998). Effects of the 1997 fires on the forest and wildlife of the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra.

O’Brien, T. G., & Kinnaird, M. F. (1996). Birds and mammals of the Bukit Barisan Selatan national Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Oryx, 30(3), 207–217.

Pamoengkas, P. (2010). Potentialities of line planting technique in rehabilitation of logged over area referred to species diversity, growth and soil quality. Biodiversitas, 11, 34–39.

Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 637–669.

Rahayu, M., Susiarti, S. & Purwanto, Y. (2007). Kajian pemanfaatan tumbuhan hutan non kayu oleh masyarakat lokal di kawasan konservasi PT Wira Karya Sakti Sungai Kapa – Jambi. Biodiversitas, 8(1), 73 – 78.

Reich, P. B. & Borchert, R. (1984). Water stress and tree phenology in a tropical dry forest in the lowlands of Costa Rica. The Journal of Ecology, 61–74.

Sakai, S., Harrison, R. D., Momose, K., Kuraji, K., Nagamasu, H., Yasunari, T., ... & Nakashizuka, T. (2006). Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in Asia. American Journal of Botany, 93(8), 1134–1139.

Sakai, S., Momose, K., Yumoto, T., Nagamitsu, T., Nagamasu, H., Hamid, A. A. & Nakashizuka, T. (1999). Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest, Sarawak, Malaysia. American Journal of Botany, 86(10), 1414–1436.

Sakai, S. (2001). Phenological diversity in tropical forests. Population Ecology, 43(1), 77–86.

Shono, K., Davies, S.J. & Chua, Y.K. (2007). Performance of 45 native tree species on degraded lands in Singapore. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25–34.

Shono, K., Davies, S.J. & Kheng, C.Y. (2006). Regeneration of native plant species in restored forests on degraded lands in Singapore. Forest Ecology and Management, 237(1), 574–582.

Sist, P., Picard, N., & Gourlet-Fleury, S. (2003). Sustainable cutting cycle and yields in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of Borneo. Annals of Forest Science, 60(8), 803–814. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2003075

Sunarto. (2000). Survival of plant communities and dynamics of forest ecosystems in response to fire: a long-term study from Sumatra. University of East Anglia, Norwich.

Suyadi, & D.L.G. (2007). The root causes of deforestation near Pemerihan river bordering Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, West Lampung. Berita Biologi, 8, 279–290.

Van Schaik, C.P. & Pfannes, K.R. (2005). Tropical climates and phenology: a primate perspective. Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology, 44, 23.

Van Schaik, C.P., & Supriatna, J. (1996). Leuser, A Sumatran Sanctuary. Yayasan Bina Sains Hayati.

Van Schaik, C.P., Terborgh, J.W. & Wright, S.J. (1993). The phenology of tropical forests: adaptive significance and consequences for primary consumers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 353–377.

Van Schaik, C.P. (1986). Phenological changes in a Sumatran rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 2(04), 327–347.

Whitmore, T. C. (1990). An introduction to tropical rain forests. Clarendon Press.

Wich, S. A. & Van Schaik, C. V. (. (2000). The impact of El Nino on mast fruiting in Sumatra and elsewhere in Malesia. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 16(4), 563–577.

Yasuda, M., Matsumoto, J., Osada, N., Ichikawa, S. E., Kachi, N., Tani, M., ... & Manokaran, N. (1999). The mechanism of general flowering in Dipterocarpaceae in the Malay Peninsula. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 15(4), 437–449.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.2.129-141

For further details log on website :
http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/2135