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Thursday, 21 September 2017

Equity in Community Forestry: Insights from North and South

International Forestry Review 11(2):157-170. 2009 
https://doi.org/10.1505/ifor.11.2.157

 Equité dans la foresterie communautaire: aperçus du nord et du sud
Justicia social en la silvicultura comunitaria: experiencias del Norte y del Sur

 Author

Author Affiliation

M.H. McDermott
Rutgers University, Department of Human Ecology, Cook Office Building, 55 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA; School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, Southampton University, Highfield, Southampton S017 1BJ, UK.
Author for correspondence: 
K. Schreckenberg
Rutgers University, Department of Human Ecology, Cook Office Building, 55 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA; School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, Southampton University, Highfield, Southampton S017 1BJ, UK.
Author for correspondence: 

SUMMARY

Who benefits from community forestry — and who gets left out? Soon after it emerged as a significant trend in the global South in the 1980s, practitioners, advocates and scholars began to ask such questions of community forestry. The distributional impacts of its more recent development in industrialised countries have been less examined. More unusual still has been the explicit attempt to exchange experience between North and South. In response, a symposium was organised to bring together participants of two Ford Foundation-funded projects on community forestry in the US, Nepal, Kenya, and Tanzania. Enriched by additional cases from the United Kingdom and Asia, this introductory article and issue report on the symposium's results. These include the finding that, while community forestry can reduce social inequity, it generally does so by generating positive change at community and higher levels, rather than by delivering benefits directly to poor and marginalised households.
Qui bénéficie de la foresterie communautaire; et qui est laissé sur le bord du chemin? Les spécialistes, ceux qui la pratiquent et ceux qui la soutiennent, commencèrent à poser de telles questions à la foresterie communautaire peu après son émergence en tant que courant notable dans le Sud global dans les années 80. La distribution de ses impacts dans ses développements plus récents dans les pays industrialisés ont été moins examinés. L'essai explicite d'échange d'expérience entre le Nord et le Sud est vraiment peu habituel et a entraîné l'organisation d'un symposium pour permettre la rencontre des participants de deux projets de foresterie communautaire fondés par la Fondation Ford aux USA, au Népal, au Kenya et en Tanzanie. Cet article introductif qui comprend un rapport sur les résultats du symposium est enrichi par des cas additionnels du Royaume-Uni et d'Asie. Ils incluent la découverte que, alors que la foresterie communautaire peut réduire l'inégalité sociale, elle l'obtient souvent en créant des changements aux niveaux communautaires, et aussi plus larges, plutôt qu'en livrant les bénéfices directement aux foyers démunis et marginalisés.
¿Quién se beneficia de la silvicultura comunitaria, y quién está excluido? Poco después del surgimiento de la gestión forestal comunitaria en los países del Sur en los años 1980, los especialistas, defensores del modelo y profesionales del ramo empezaron a plantearse estas preguntas. Sin embargo, los impactos de la distribución de su crecimiento más reciente en países industrializados no han sido sujetos a un examen tan riguroso, y ha habido muy pocos intentos explícites de intercambiar las experiencias entre Norte y Sur. En respuesta a esta situación, se organizó un simposio con el objeto de reunir a los participantes de dos proyectos de gestión forestal comunitaria financiados por la Fundación Ford en Estados Unidos, Nepal, Kenia, y Tanzania. Con la incorporación posterior de estudios adicionales del Reino Unido y de Asia, este artículo introductorio informa sobre las secuelas de este simposio. Entre otros resultados, se concluye que si la gestión forestal comunitaria es capaz de reducir la injusticia social, suele ser a través de la generación de cambios que benefician a escala comunitaria o a mayor escala aún, y no mediante la creación de beneficios directos para hogares pobres y marginalizados.
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For the purposes of this analysis, we focus on ‘contemporary’ community forestry initiatives by governments, donors and civil society designed to be relevant to current circumstances (Arnold 2001), excluding traditional or indigenous forest management, in particular longstanding municipally owned community forests (as in New England) and tribal forests in the US.
These include participatory forest management, community-based forest management, community-based forestry, adaptive collaborative management, joint forest management and other variants. In this paper we generally use the term community forestry unless referring to a country-specific form known by a particular name.
Note that these papers do not cover some key examples of contemporary community forestry programmes such as Canada (Beckley 1998, McCarthy 2006, Reed and McIlveen 2006), Mexico (Klooster 2000, Bray et al. 2005) and Cameroon (Fometé and Vermaat 2001, Oyono et al. 2006).
To reduce repetition all papers in this issue are referred to only by the authors' names.

Cited by

R.R. Bastakoti and C. Davidsen. (2017) Optimism, Hopes and Fears: Local Perceptions of REDD+ in Nepalese Community Forests. International Forestry Review 19:1, 1-16.
Online publication date: 21-Apr-2017.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (380 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
P.k. Sarker, MD. S. Rahman and L. Giessen. (2017) Empowering State Agencies through National and International Community Forestry Policies in Bangladesh. International Forestry Review 19:1, 79-101.
Online publication date: 21-Apr-2017.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (538 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
L. Chinangwa, A.S. Pullin and N. Hockley. (2017) Understanding Community Criteria for Assessing Forest Co-Management Programmes: Evidence from Malawi. International Forestry Review 19:1, 17-28.
Online publication date: 21-Apr-2017.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (163 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
J. Liu and J.L. Innes. (2015) Participatory Forest Management in China: Key Challenges and Ways Forward. International Forestry Review 17:4, 477-484.
Online publication date: 3-Feb-2016.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (180 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
G. Patenaude and K. Lewis. (2014) The Impacts of Tanzania's Natural Resource Management Programmes for Ecosystem Services and Poverty Alleviation. International Forestry Review 16:4, 459-473.
Online publication date: 17-Sep-2014.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (121 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
S. Rantala and L.A. German. (2013) Exploring Village Governance Processes behind Community-Based Forest Management: Legitimacy and Coercion in the Usambara Mountains of Tanzania. International Forestry Review 15:3, 355-367.
Online publication date: 25-Sep-2013.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (114 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
R. Aru, J.D. Nichols, J.C. Grant, A.J. Leys, K. Glencross, M. Sethy, K. Convery and R. Viranamangga. (2012) Constraints to Whitewood (Endospermum medullosum) Plantation Development on Santo Island, Vanuatu. International Forestry Review 14:4, 414-423.
Online publication date: 9-Jan-2013.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (213 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
E. Beauchamp and V. Ingram. (2011) Impacts of Community Forests on Livelihoods in Cameroon: Lessons from Two Case Studies. International Forestry Review 13:4, 389-403.
Online publication date: 30-Dec-2011.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (114 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
M. Richards and S.N. Panfil. (2011) Towards Cost-Effective Social Impact Assessment of REDD+ Projects: Meeting the Challenge of Multiple Benefit Standards. International Forestry Review 13:1, 1-12.
Online publication date: 18-Apr-2011.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (163 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
B. Buffum, A. Lawrence and K. J. Temphel. (2010) Equity in Community Forests in Bhutan. International Forestry Review 12:3, 187-199.
Online publication date: 30-Sep-2010.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (163 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
A.M. Larson, D. Barry and Ganga Ram Dahal. (2010) New Rights for Forest-Based Communities? Understanding Processes of Forest Tenure Reform. International Forestry Review 12:1, 78-96.
Online publication date: 13-May-2010.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (162 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
M.H. McDermott. (2009) Equity First or Later? How US Community-Based Forestry Distributes Benefits. International Forestry Review 11:2, 207-220.
Online publication date: 11-Mar-2010.
Abstract & References : Full Text : PDF (894 KB) : Rights & Permissions 
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