Responses of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) community structure to green-tree retention in pine tree forest from Korea

Published Date
1 December 2016, Vol.9(4):443–447, doi:10.1016/j.japb.2016.09.007
Open Access, Creative Commons license, Funding information

Original article

Author 

Da-Som Kim ^a

Sang Wook Park ^b

Seung Jin Roh ^a

Jun Hyoung Jeon ^a,c

Tae-Hee Yoo ^a

Hyun-Kyung Yoon ^a

Hyun-Seop Kim ^d

Bong-Kyu Byun ^a,,

aDepartment of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, South Korea

bResearch Institute of Forest Insects Diversity, Hwaseong 18379, South Korea

cMicrobiological Resouce Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeong-eup 56212, South Korea

dForest Practice Research Center, Korea Forest Research Institute, Pocheon 11185, South Korea

Received 29 August 2016. Revised 8 September 2016. Accepted 13 September 2016. Available online 21 September 2016. 

Abstract

This study was aimed to investigate the response of bark beetle community structure to green-tree retention in a Korean pine tree forest between 2013 and 2015. Five types of retention methods were evaluated to investigate the retention effect on insect community structure at various sites in Keunjeogol, Samcheok, and Gangwon-do. Lindgren funnel traps were installed to collect insects from July to August, over a 3-year period. Overall, 690 individuals and 29 species of Scolytinae were collected, with populations of insects appearing to gradually increase by each year of the study. Results of the insect community analysis showed that most survey sites presented a higher diversity than the control site annually except in 2015. This study can be used as a baseline dataset for the long-term study of early changes in insect community in response to green-tree retention in forests.

Keywords

bark beetles

green-tree retention

initial response

pine tree forest

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Introduction

Green-tree retention is a method of managing forests by retaining live trees and snags following timber harvest (Rosenvald and Lõhmus, 2008 and Vanha-Majarnaa and Jalonen, 2001; Franklin et al., 1997, Aubry et al., 1999, Beese et al., 2003 and Halaj et al., 2009). Clear-cutting results in not only a lack of old trees and forest resources such as woody debris, but also reduced populations of forest taxa and so forth (Haila, 1994, Heliövaara and Väisänen, 1984, Esseen et al., 1992, Esseen et al., 1997, Berg et al., 1994, Enoksson et al., 1995, Fries et al., 1997 and Koivula et al., 2002). Green-tree retention is a method of maintaining forest biodiversity, and is commonly used in North America and Europe (Halpern and Raphael, 1999, Rosenvald and Lõhmus, 2008 and Jeon et al., 2014).

There have been several studies on the effects of clear-cutting and green-tree retention on forests in North America and Europe, but there are few studies on the silvicultural effects on insect populations, such as arthropods, which play a significant role in biological diversity composition (Huhta et al., 1967, McIver et al., 1992, Niemela et al., 1993, Hoekstra et al., 1995, Koivula et al., 2002, Moore et al., 2002 and Siira-Pietikainen et al., 2003; Halaj et al., 2008 and Halaj et al., 2009). Among insect taxa, the effects on assemblages of carabid beetles have been relatively well studied, resulting in carabids being regarded as indicators of environmental change and habitat quality (Pihlaja et al., 2006 and Rainio and Niemelä, 2008).

In Korea, there have been several studies of vegetation fauna in the initial phase after retention harvests were conducted (Jeong et al 2015). For insects, Jeon et al (2014)studied insect fauna in designated regeneration forests for a baseline of comparative analysis of insect diversity, and Roh et al (2015) conducted a study of coleopteran insect communities in a green-tree retention forest.

In the present study, we investigated the changing patterns in the Scolytinae communities of green-tree retention forests over a 3-year period. This will provide the baseline dataset for a future study of the effects of green-tree retention on insect diversity after forest regeneration.

Materials and methods

Survey sites and period

The study sites were located in a pine tree forest (5.5 ha) in Keunjeogol, Samcheok, Gangwon-do, Korea. A survey was conducted every year in July and August from 2013 to 2015 (Table 1). The survey site was divided into five areas, each with a different method of retention (see Roh et al 2015). For convenience, these areas were designated with the letters “A” to “E”: a seed-tree cutting area (A), a group seed-tree area (B), a strip clear-cutting area (C, width 40 m), a patch clear-cutting area (D, diameter = 40 m), and a control area (E).

Table 1. Survey period of the installation and collection dates in this study.

Year	Installation date	Collection date
2013	July 13	August 27
2014	July 9	August 29
2015	July 4	August 29

Survey methods

In order to survey the community structure of Scolytinae, insects were collected every year from 2013 to 2015, using Lindgren funnel traps installed every year in July, and after 50 days in August. In the five survey sites, two Lindgren funnel traps were installed at each survey site. Bottles of 100 mL ethanol were attached to the traps to attract the insects, and antifreeze was applied in the collection container to prevent captured insects from rotting. The collected insects were identified and listed according to the “Checklist of insects from Korea” (ESK and KSAE 1994) and “Insects of Korea” (Park et al 2012).

Analysis of insect community

Insect communities were recorded per type of retention over the 3-year period, and analyzed using diversity, abundance, evenness, and dominance indexes.

• •
  Diversity index
  • Shannon and Weaver (1949) diversity index (H′)
    • H′ = –∑(Pi)[ln(Pi)]
    • (Pi = proportion of total abundance represented by i^th species)
• •
  Abundance index (R′)
  • R′ = S – 1/log10 N
  • (S = the number of species, N = the total number of individuals in the sample)
• •
  Evenness index (E)
  • E = H′/log10 S
  • (S = the number of species)
• •
  Dominance index (D_i)
  • D_i = n_i/N × 100
  • (N = the total number of individuals in the sample)

Results

Survey of Scolytinae

Over the course of this study, 690 individuals and 29 species of Scolytinae were collected from Lindgren funnel traps. The number of insects collected increased every year with 64 individuals and 10 species in 2013 (Table 2), 238 individuals and 13 species in 2014 (Table 3), and 388 individuals and 21 species in 2015 (Table 4, Appendix 1).

Table 2. Number of individuals of Scolytinae by Lindgren funnel trap from five survey sites in 2013.

No.	Species	A	B	C	D	E	Total
1	Scolytoplatypus sp. 1 Near mikado	9	8	8	4	2	31
2	Scolytus frontalis Olivier				1		1
3	Cryphalus fulvus Niijima			2	3		5
4	Hylastes parallelus Chapuis				1		1
5	Hylurgops interstitialis (Chapuis)		1				1
6	Xyleborus rubricollis Eichhoff			1		1	2
7	Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg)		1				1
8	Xyleborus sp. Near muticus	5		5	2		12
9	Xyleborus sp. Near japonicus			1			1
10	Xyleborus mutilatus Blandford	6		3			9
	Total	20	10	20	11	3	64

*A = a seed-tree cutting area; B = a group seed-tree area; C = a strip clear-cutting area (width 40 m); D = a patch clear-cutting area (diameter 40 m); E = a control area.

Table 3. Number of individuals of Scolytinae by Lindgren funnel trap from five survey sites in 2014.

No.	Species	A	B	C	D	E	Total
1	Xyleborus validus Eichhoff	1					1
2	Scolytoplatypus tycon Blandford			1			1
3	Cyclorhipidion bodoanus (Reitter)	7	1	1	6		15
4	Xyleborus lewisi Blandford	1		1			2
5	Xyleborus seriatus Blandford			1			1
6	Hylurgops interstitialis (Chapuis)					1	1
7	Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg)	1	1				2
8	Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford)	8	4	2	4		18
9	Xyleborus mutilatus Blandford	29	3		1	1	34
10	Xylosandrus crasiussculus (Motschulsky)	9	15		8		32
11	Anisandrus maiche (Eggers, 1942)	4	6	1			11
12	Scolytoplatypus sp.1	9	2	1			12
13	Xyleborus sp.1	79	2	14	13		108
	Total	148	34	2	22	32	238

*A = a seed-tree cutting area; B = a group seed-tree area; C = a strip clear-cutting area (width 40 m); D = a patch clear-cutting area (diameter 40 m); E = a control area.

Table 4. Number of individuals of Scolytinae by Lindgren funnel trap from five survey sites in 2015.

No.	Species	A	B	C	D	E	Total
1	Platypus lewisi Blandford			1			1
2	Platypus koryoensis (Murayama)	1	1				2
3	Hylastes parallelus Chapuis					1	1
4	Anisandrus maiche (Eggers)	5	5			5	15
5	Cnetus mutilatus (Blandford)	63	16	3	14	6	102
6	Xyleborinus attenuatus (Blandford)	2	1				3
7	Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg)	1					1
8	Ambrosiodmus rubricollis Eichhoff			3	1	2	6
9	Ambrosiodmus lewisi Blandford	7			3		10
10	Xyleborus seriatus Blandford	1					1
11	Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff)	1					1
12	Cyclorhipidion pelliculosum (Eichhoff)	3					3
13	Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter)	2					2
14	Xylosandrus crasiussculus (Motschulsky)	3	4		2	2	11
15	Xyleborus sp.1	114	7	35	21	1	178
16	Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood					2	2
17	Scolytoplatypus tycon Blandford						0
18	Scolytoplatypus sp.1	6	4		3	1	14
19	Xyleborus pfeili (Ratzeburg)						0
20	Xylosandrus brevis (Eichhoff)						0
21	Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford)	19	6	5	5		35
	Total	228	44	47	49	20	388

*A = a seed-tree cutting area; B = a group seed-tree area; C = a strip clear-cutting area (width 40 m); D = a patch clear-cutting area (diameter 40 m); E = a control area.

The results by survey site in 2013 were as follows: 15 individuals and two species in the seed-tree cutting area, 10 individuals and three species in the group seed-tree area, 20 individuals and six species in the strip clear-cutting area, 11 individuals and five species in the patch clear-cutting area, and three individuals and two species in the control area. Of all the retention methods, the highest number of individuals and species were observed in the patch clear-cutting area. In 2014, the seed-tree cutting area performed the best, with 148 individuals and 10 species, whereas other site results were as follows: 34 individuals and eight species in the group seed-tree area; 32 individuals and five spices in the strip clear-cutting area; 22 individuals and eight species in the patch clear-cutting area; and two individuals and two species in the control area. All results of the survey in 2014 were generally higher than those of the previous year and the control area. In 2015, 228 individuals and 14 species were collected in the seed-tree cutting area, 44 individuals and eight species in the group seed-tree area, 47 individuals and five species in the strip clear-cutting area, 49 individuals and seven species in the patch clear-cutting area, and 20 individuals and eight species in the control area. In the final year, the seed-tree cutting area performed the best, with all sites collecting more individuals and species than in 2013 and 2014 (Table 5).

Table 5. Number of species and individuals of Scolytinae from five survey sites from 2013 to 2015.

Year	Sites
	A		B		C		D		E		Total
	Sp.	In.	Sp.	In.	Sp.	In.	Sp.	In.	Sp.	In.	Sp.	In.
2013	2	15	3	10	6	20	5	11	2	3	10	64
2014	10	148	8	34	5	32	8	22	2	2	13	238
2015	14	228	8	44	5	47	7	49	8	20	18	388

*In. = individuals; Sp. = species; A = a seed-tree cutting area; B = a group seed-tree area; C = a strip clear-cutting area (width 40 m); D = a patch clear-cutting area (diameter 40 m); E = a control area.

Insect community analysis

The yearly insect community diversity indexes were 1.573 in 2013, 1.741 in 2014, and 1.665 in 2015, with the highest diversity recorded in 2014 (Figure 1 and Figure 2). By type of retention, diversity indexes in 2013 were as follows: 0.673 in the seed tree cutting area; 0.639 in the group seed-tree area; 1.527 in the strip clear-cutting area; 1.468 in the patch clear cutting area; and 0.637 in the control area. The strip clear-cutting area had the highest diversity, being more than 2.3 times that of the control area (Figure 3A). In 2014, diversity indexes were calculated to be 1.496 in the seed-tree cutting area, 1.674 in the group seed-tree area, 1.395 in the strip clear-cutting area, 1.349 in the patch clear-cutting area, and 0.693 in the control area. Among these, the highest diversity was recorded in the group seed-tree area, which was 2.4 times higher than that in the control area (Figure 3B). Diversity indexes in 2015 were 1.488 in the seed-tree cutting area, 1.787 in the group seed-tree area, 0.891 in the strip clear-cutting area, 1.506 in the patch clear-cutting area, and 1.848 in the control area. In 2015, the control area had the highest diversity of all the survey sites (Figure 3C).

Figure 1. Diversity and abundance indexes of Scolytinae from 2013 to 2015.

Figure 2. Diversity and abundance indexes of Scolytinae by survey areas. A, Seed-tree cutting area. B, Group seed-tree area. C, Strip clear-cutting area (width = 40 m). D, Clear-cutting in patches area (width = 40 m). E, Control area.

Figure 3. Diversity and abundance indexes of Scolytinae from 2013 to 2015. A, Seed-tree cutting area. B, Group seed-tree area. C, Strip clear-cutting area (width = 40 m). D, Clear-cutting in patches area (width = 40 m). E, Control area.

The yearly abundance indexes were 4.983 in 2013, 5.049 in 2014, and 6.567 in 2015, increasing an average of 1.2 times every year. Compared across survey sites, abundance indexes increased gradually every year in the seed-tree cutting area, the group seed-tree area, and the control area, but not in the strip clear-cutting area and the patch clear-cutting area. The highest abundance recorded was 5.513 in the seed-tree cutting area in 2015.

The dominant species were Scolytoplatypus cf. mikado in 2013 with 31 individuals, and Xyleborus sp. 1 in both 2014 and 2015 with 108 and 178 individuals, respectively (Table 6).

Table 6. Dominance index and evenness index for Scolytinae from five survey sites from 2013 to 2015.

Year	Sites
	A		B		C		D		E		Total
	DI	EI	DI	EI	DI	EI	DI	EI	DI	EI	DI	EI
2013	60	2.236	80	1.339	40	1.963	36.3	2.1	66.7	2.114	48.4	1.573
2014	53.378	1.496	44.118	1.853	100	2.303	63.636	1.493	40.625	1.995	45.378	1.563
2015	50	1.298	36.364	1.979	74.468	1.275	42.857	1.782	30	2.046	45.876	1.326

*DI = dominance index; EI = evenness index; A = a seed-tree cutting area; B = a group seed-tree area; C = a strip clear-cutting area (width 40 m); D = a patch clear-cutting area (diameter 40 m); E = a control area.

Discussion

Scolytinae are known to play an important role in forest ecosystems by decomposing wood and providing resources for forest species (Wermelinger, 2004 and Toivanen et al., 2009).

In the present study, the number of species and individuals of Scolytinae in green-tree retention forest increased yearly. The control area had the lowest number of individuals every year from 2013 to 2015. In the seed-tree cutting area in 2014 and 2015, the number of species and individuals were the highest among the survey sites because of the presence of the dominant species, Xyleborus sp. 1. The genus Xyleborus feeds mainly on Quercus spp., which constituted the highest number of species in survey site vegetation regeneration (Jeon et al 2014). Both diversity and abundance indexes were highest in the strip clear-cutting area in 2013 and the patch clear-cutting area in 2014. In 2015, the diversity index was highest in the control area; however, the result needs to be reevaluated because of the low number of species.

The dominant species, Xyleborus sp. 1, in the seed-tree cutting area, the strip clear-cutting area, and the patch clear-cutting area seems to have affected and distorted the result. In the present study, generally all community indices in retention sites appeared higher than in the control area. The results of this study reflect those of previous studies, showing that insect communities are improved by green-tree retention (Roh et al 2015).

In this study, it is difficult for us to clarify the differences of the diversity and abundance among the surveyed sites in three year's result. Thus, it would be needed to investigate them for getting significant data of each site with long-term study more than three years with extended taxa of insects.

The aim of this study was to observe the response of Scolytinae to green-tree retention, as a basis for a long-term study of initial changes in insect community in green-tree retention forest. The results of this study can be used as baseline data of additional research for efficient forest management generally suffering from insufficient research.

Acknowledgments

The present study was supported by Forest Practice Research Center, Korea Forest Research Institute (Project No. SC 0400-2012-01). We also thank Mr Yeon Sangyeon in the Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, for his help in field collection.

Appendix 1 List of Scolytinae collected in this study from 2013 to 2015.

	Species	A	B	C	D	E	Total
1	Ambrosiodmus lewisi Blandford	7			3		10
2	Ambrosiodmus rubricollis Eichhoff			3	1	2	6
3	Anisandrus maiche (Eggers)	9	11	1		5	26
4	Cnetus mutilatus (Blandford)	63	16	3	14	6	102
5	Cryphalus fulvus Niijima			2	3		5
6	Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter)	9	1	1	6		17
7	Cyclorhipidion pelliculosum (Eichhoff)	3					3
8	Euwallacea validus (Eichhoff)	1					1
9	Hylastes parallelus Chapuis				1	1	2
10	Hylurgops interstitialis (Chapuis)		1			1	2
11	Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood					2	2
12	Platypus koryoensis (Murayama)	1	1				2
13	Platypus lewisi Blandford			1			1
14	Scolytoplatypus sp.1 Near mikado	9	8	8	4	2	31
15	Scolytoplatypus sp.1	15	6	1	3	1	26
16	Scolytoplatypus tycon Blandford			1			1
17	Scolytus frontalis Olivier				1		1
18	Xyleborinus attenuatus (Blandford)	2	1				3
19	Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg)	2	2				4
20	Xyleborus lewisi Blandford	1		1			2
21	Xyleborus mutilatus Blandford	35	3	3	1	1	43
22	Xyleborus rubricollis Eichhoff			1		1	2
23	Xyleborus seriatus Blandford	1		1			2
24	Xyleborus sp. Near japonicus			1			1
25	Xyleborus sp. Near muticus	5		5	2		12
26	Xyleborus sp. 1	193	9	49	34	1	286
27	Xyleborus validus Eichhoff	1					1
28	Xylosandrus crasiussculus (Motschulsky)	12	19		10	2	43
29	Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford)	27	10	7	9		53
	Total	396	88	89	92	25	690

*A= a seed-tree cutting area; B= a group seed-tree area; C= a strip clear-cutting area (width 40m); D= a patch clear-cutting area (diameter 40m); E= a control area.

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• Peer review under responsibility of National Science Museum of Korea (NSMK) and Korea National Arboretum (KNA).

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