Find the information such as human life, natural resource,agriculture,forestry, biotechnology, biodiversity, wood and non-wood materials.
Blog List
Friday, 2 December 2016
Two species of Elasmus japonicus Ashmead and Elasmus polistis Burks (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) reared from nests of Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Korea
Published Date
doi:10.1016/j.japb.2016.07.005
Open Access, Creative Commons license, Funding information
Original article Author
Il-Kwon Kim a
Ohseok Kwon b
Moon Bo Choi c,,
aDivision of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
bSchool of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
cInstitute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Received 15 March 2016. Revised 1 July 2016. Accepted 15 July 2016. Available online 21 July 2016.
Abstract
Two species of Elasmus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) are newly recognized in South Korea: Elasmus japonicus Ashmead and Elasmus polistis Burks. They were reared from the nests of Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): E. japonicus from Polistes rothneyi koreanus and E. polistis from Polistes snelleni and P. rothneyi koreanus. Both species are biparental and usually have more females than males.
Keywords
Elasmus japonicus
Elasmus polistis
Eulophidae
Korea
Polistes
Introduction
The family Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is one of the largest families with 3,977 species currently identified, 283 genera of which belong to 4 subfamilies across the world (Noyes 1998). Most species of Eulophidae are useful insects, such as parasitoid wasps which provide biological control, but some species are phytophagous and predatory.
Among them, the genus Elasmus Westwood is a cosmopolitan genus of Eulophidae and currently contains 258 species worldwide (Noyes 2015). It has long been treated as the only genus of the family Elasmidae (e.g. Ashmead, 1904 and Graham, 1995). Gauthier et al (2000) transferred the genus into Eulophinae of the family Eulophidae based on the result of molecular analyses using 28S sequences with morphological supports. Most species of Elasmus are larval or pupal ectoparasitoids of Lepidoptera and some species are ectoparasitoids (or hyperparasitoids) of larvae of hymenoptera families, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae, and Bethylidae (Graham, 1995, Herting, 1975, Narendran et al., 2008, Thompson, 1954, Trjapitzin, 1978 and Verma and Hayat, 1986).
In South Korea, an unidentified Elasmus sp. was recorded for the first time as a larval parasitoid of Caloptilia theivora (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) by Lee et al (1995), and Yefremova and Strakhova (2010) recently added Elasmus nephantidis Rohwer and Elasmus viridiceps Thomson to the Korean insect fauna.
In the present study, we report E. japonicus and E. polistis from South Korea. We also provide a redescription, and basic biology from the nests of three Polistes species (including two new hosts).
Materials and methods
The specimens of Elasmus collected in this study were the emerged individuals from nests of Polistes in the Busan, Daegu and Gangwon Province in South Korea, from 2010 to 2015. Polistes nests were collected from August to December and deposited in plastic bags after removing the adults. The adults of Elasmus emerged from the Polistes nests from March to May of the following year and they were stored in 70% alcohol. The keys by Yefremova and Strakhova, 2010 and Yefremova and Strakhova, 2011 were followed to identify the Elasmus species. The images were captured with an Axiocam HRc camera through a Discovery V20 stereomicroscopy and were produced with AxioVision40AC software (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Final plates were prepared in Adobe Photoshop CS6.
Diagnosis. The genus can be easily recognized by the following characters: antenna of female with two anelli, three-segmented flagellum, and three-segmented clava; and male with trifurcate four-segmented flagellum and two-segmented clava. Mesoscutum densely covered with hairs; scutellum with two pairs of long setae. Forewing with marginal vein elongated, postmarginal vein short, and stigma vein slightly reduced. Hind coxa smooth, subdiscoidal (or plate-like), and strongly enlarged; hind tibia with short setae forming continuous diamond-shape. Colorations are yellow, black, and brown, frequently with spots.
Female. Body length 2.4–2.6 mm, length of forewing 2.8 mm (Figure 1A). Color: head mainly pale yellow, upper part of frons and vertex including ocellar region black with blue-greenish tinge. Antenna brown except scape and pedicel ventral yellow (Figure 1C). Pronotum black. Mesoscutum yellow with median weak longitudinal strip and three spots horizontally on midlobe, two spots each side of basal mesoscutum black, tegula yellow with horizontal strip, axillae black, scutellum yellow with a wide black spot, dorsellum projected V-shape yellow except anterior part black, propodeum black (Figure 1B). Mesosoma in lateral view black dorsal posterior part of mesopleuron. Legs mainly pale yellow except for dorsal part of coxa and dorsal margin of femur of hind leg black. Wings hyaline, veins bright brown (Figure 1D). Metasoma mainly yellow or bright brown laterally, tergum of gaster (T) T1–T5 red-brown dorsally, black spot either side and one large black spot between them on T1, a median large black spot on T2–T3, and faint median black spot on T4, T5–T6 almost black dorsally (Figures 1A, 1B). Head: head in dorsal view almost smooth, vertex and frons setigerous with setigerous punctures, subquadrate, 1.1 times as broad as long. Eyes without setae. Postocellar distance (POL) 1.5–1.6 times ocellar–ocullar distance (OOL); POL 1.5–1.6 times the minimum distance between posterior ocellus and anterior ocellus (AOL); AOL almost equal to OOL; OOL 1.7–1.8 times the longest diameter of the anterior ocellus (OD). Length of forewing (FL) 1.4–1.5 times as long as pedicel; FL almost equal to F2 and F3; club 4.2 times as long as wide and 2.0–2.1 times as long as F3. Mesosoma: pronotum and mesoscutum covered with dense setae. Scutellum with two pairs of stout bristles, equal as wide as long. Mesoscutum 1.3 times as wide as long. Forewing with isolated subcubital line of setae, length of the fore wing (FWL) 3.2–3.3 times the maximum width of the fore wing (FWW); postmarginal vein (PMV) 2.4 times as long as the stigmal vein (SV); marginal vein (MV) 1.9 times as long as the submarginal vein (SMV); SMV 3.6 times as long as PMV. Metasoma: Gaster 2.1–2.2 times as long as broad. T1 1.7–1.8 times as long as T2; T4–T7 densely bristly.
Figure 1.Elasmus japonicusAshmead, 1904. A, Habitus in lateral view, female; B, Habitus in dorsal view, female (wings removed); C, Head and antenna in lateral view, female; D, Forewing, female; E, Forewing, male; F, habitus lateral view, male.
Variation. According to Yefremova and Strakhova (2011), body length is 1.4–1.5 mm, mesoscutum has three brown spots on midlobe, and T1 has three spots. In specimens of this study, however, body length is 2.4–2.6 mm, mesoscutum with a weak median longitudinal strip (this strip seems to be connected weakly longitudinally to each spot at the anterior, middle, and posterior of mesoscutum) and horizontally three spots on midlobe (sometimes center spot appears to be triangular or anchor-like shape), and T1–T5 each have one median large black spot, and faint median black spot on T4. T5–T6 almost black dorsally (Figure 1B).
Male. Body length 2.4–2.5 mm, length of forewing 2.7 mm. Color: head and mesosoma black with weak metallic green luster except mandibles yellow, antenna dark brown, two faint yellow strips either side of anterior and posterior on mesoscutum, pale yellow tegula, legs pale yellow except for the dorsal margin of the mid femur, three-fourth dorsal part of coxa and dorsal margin of femur of hind leg black. Wings hyaline, veins tan. Metasoma dark brown or black with luster (Figures 1E, 1F). Head: head in dorsal view 1.1–1.2 times as broad as long; vertex and frons in dorsal view setigerous with setigerous punctures. Eyes without setae. POL 2.1 times OOL; POL 2.0 times AOL; AOL 1.0–1.1 times OOL; OOL 1.7 times OD. Scape 2.6 times as long as pedicel; pedicel 1.6 times as long as the length of antennal funicular segments (F1); F2 1.1 times as long as F1; F3 1.1 times as long as F2; Branch 1 equal to Branch 2 and 1.1 times as long as Branch 3; F4 1.2 times as long as club. Mesosoma: pronotum and mesoscutum densely covered with setae. Scutellum smooth with two pairs of stout bristles and as wide as long. Mesoscutum 1.3 times as wide as long; FL 3.1 times as long as the width of forewing (FW); PMV 2.4 times as long as SV; MV 1.5 times as long as SMV; SMV 4.1 times as long as PMV. Metasoma: gaster 2.5–2.7 times as long as broad; T1 2.0–2.1 times as long as T2; T5–T7 densely covered with bristles.
Material examined. 17♀, 2♂, Homyeong-ri, Jinbu-myeon, Gangwon-do, South Korea, N37°39′7.84″ E128°35′15.81″, coll. 30 viii 2013 (MB Choi), em. March to April, 2014 (emerged from the nest of Polistes snelleni); 7♀, 15♂, Dugu-dong, Busan, South Korea, 35°18′8.99″ E129° 6′45.46″, coll. 18 ix 2010 (MB Choi), em. March to April, 2011 (emerged from the nest of Polistes rothneyi koreanus) (many females escaped from the plastic bags in which Polistes nests were kept).
Female. Body length 2.2–2.5 mm, forewing length 1.9–2.0 mm (Figures 2A, 2B). Color: head mainly pale yellow, mandible bright brown, upper part of frons and vertex including ocellar region black with blue-greenish tinge (Figure 2C). Antenna brown except scape yellow, pedicel bright brown (Figure 2F). Mesosoma in dorsal view mainly black with blue-greenish tinge, mesoscutum yellow except black anchor shape with blue-greenish tinge (wide longitudinal median stripe with merging either side diagonal on base of mesoscutum), tegula brown with horizontal strip, scutellum yellow except median spot wide black with blue-greenish tinge, dorsellum projected V-shape yellow except black margin (Figure 2D). Mesosoma in lateral view mainly black, mesopleuron yellow except black spot in upper part. Legs mainly pale yellow to bright yellow, except dorsal part of hind coxa, and dorsal margin of mid and hind femora black. Wings hyaline, veins bright brown (Figure 2E). Metasoma mainly black except T1–T5 reddish brown laterally and dark brown metallic luster ventrally (Figure 2D). Head: head in dorsal view almost smooth, subquadrate, and 1.1–1.2 times as broad as long; vertex and frons setigerous with setigerous punctures (Figure 2C). Eyes without setae. POL 1.9–2.1 times OOL; POL 1.6 times AOL; AOL 1.1 times OOL; OOL 1.7 times OD. FL 1.3–1.4 times as long as pedicel; FL almost equal to F2 and F3; club 3.2–3.3 times as long as wide and 2.1 times as long as F3. Mesosoma: pronotum and mesoscutum covered with dense setae. Scutellum with two pairs of stout bristles, 1.2 times as wide as long. Mesoscutum 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long. Forewing with isolated subcubital line of setae; FL 3.2–3.3 times as long as FW; PMV 3.1 times as long as SV; MV 1.5–1.6 times as long as SMV; SMV 3.4–3.5 times as long as PMV. Metasoma: gaster 2.1 times as long as broad. T1 2.2–2.5 times as long as T2; T4–T7 densely covered with bristles.
Figure 2.Elasmus polistisBurks, 1971. A, Habitus in dorsal view, female; B, Habitus in lateral view, female; C, Head in dorsal view, female; D, Mesosoma and metasoma in dorsal view, female; E, Forewing, female; F, Antenna, female; G, Habitus in lateral view, male; H, Antenna, male.
Male. Body length 2.1–2.3 mm, length of forewing 1.9 mm (Figure 2G). Color: head and mesosoma black with weakly metallic green luster except mandibles brown, antenna dark brown (Figure 2H), yellow line on posterior side edge of mesoscutum adjacent to the tegula, legs mainly pale yellow except for dorsal margin of mid femur leg, three fourth dorsal part of coxa and almost femur of hind leg black. Wings hyaline, veins tan. Metasoma black with luster. Head: head in dorsal view vertex and frons setigerous with setigerous punctures, 1.0–1.1 times as broad as long. Eyes without setae. POL 2.0 times OOL; POL 2.1 times AOL; AOL almost equal to OOL; OOL 1.7 times OD. Scape 2.5 times as long as pedicel; pedicel 2.0 times as long as F1; F2 1.1 times as long as F1; F3 1.2 times as long as F2; branch 1 equal to branch 2 and 1.1 times as long as branch 3; F4 1.1 times as long as club. Mesosoma: pronotum and mesoscutum covered with dense setae. Scutellum smooth with two pairs of stout bristles, 1.2 times as wide as long. Mesoscutum 1.3 times as wide as long. FWL 3.2 times FWW; PMV 3.4 times as long as SV; MV 2.6 times as long as SMV; SMV 2.2 times as long as PMV. Metasoma: gaster 2.2–2.3 times as long as broad; T1 2.5–2.6 times as long as T2; T5–T7 densely covered with bristles.
Material examined. 27♀, 2♂, Gwanmun-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu, SOUTH KOREA, N35°54′46.90″ E128°32′32.73″; coll. 16 xii 2014 (MB Choi), em. March to May, 2015 (emerged from the nest of P. rothneyi koreanus).
We thank Dr. Yefremova from the Ul'yanovsk State University, Russia, for assistance in the identification of Elasmus japonicus. This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2013R1A1A2061252).
Bionomics and morphological and molecular characterization of Elasmus schmittiand Baryscapus elasmi (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae), parasitoids associated with a paper wasp, Polistes dorsalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
, F.L. Simmonds, A catalogue of parasites and predators of terrestrial arthropods. Section A. Host or Prey/Enemy, Volume Volume VI, 1975, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, UK, p. 218
Section 2. Host parasite catalogue. Part 3. Hosts of the Hymenoptera (Calliceratid to Evaniid)
Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control. A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests, 1954, pp. 191–332Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
, G.S. Medvedev, A key to the insects of the European part of the USSR, Hymenoptera, Volume Vol. 3, (Part 2), 1978, USSR Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 467–469
, B.R. Subba Rao, M. Hayat, The Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of India and the adjacent countries. Part II, Volume Volume 20, 1986, Oriental Insects, pp. 173–178
No comments:
Post a Comment